BCAMUSOKiyTS 6^
dor of Philif) II), 4927 MSS. (Codices Escorialensefi). France: National Library (had its origin in the royal collections gathered at Fontainebleau aa early aa Fraacis I, and contains the libraries of Mazarin, Col- bert, etc., and those of the monu$t«nca confiscat«d in 1790) 102,000 MSS. (Codices Parisini). England: Britisb MuBeum (contains the collections of Cotton, Sloane Harley, etc.)^ founded in 1753, 55,000 MSS.; Oxford, Bodleian Library, founded in 1597 by Sir Thomas Bodley, 30 000 MSS. Bd^wn: BrusseU, Royal Library, founded in 1S3S (the principal baaia is the library of the Dukes of Burguncfy), 28,000 MSS. Holland: Leyden, Library oftheUniveraity, founded in 1675,d400MSS. GennoTiy; Berlin Royal Library, 30,- 000 MSS.; Gattingen University, 6000 MSS,; Leip- Hg, Albertioa Library, founded in 1543, 4000 MSS.; Dresden, Royal Library 60,000 MSS. Austria: Vi- enna, Imperiat Library, founded in 1440 (collections ot llatthias Corvinus and of Prince Eueene), 27,000 HSS. Scandinavian countries: Stockholm, royal Li- biary, 10,435 MSS. ; Upsala, University, 1.1,637 MSS. ; Copenhagen, Royal Library, 20,000 MSS. Russia: St. Petersbui^, Imperial Library, 35,350 MSS.; Mos- cow, Library ol the Holy Synod, 513 Greek MSS., 1810 SUvic MSS. United SUUea: New York Public Library, founded 1850 (Astor collection, 40 HSS.; Lenox collection, 500 MSS.); Pierpont Morgan collection, 115 MSS., illuminated minia- tures. Orient: Constan- tinople, Library of the Seraglio (cf. Ouspensky, Bulletin of the Russian Archeological Institute, XII, 1907) ; Monasteries of Athos (13,000 MSS.), of Smyrna, of St. John of Patmoa at Athena, the Librap- of the Senate — at Cairo, the Library ot
the Khedive (found»l in Fnoy the vat
1870, 14000 Arabic
MSS.) and the Patriarchal Library (Greek and Coptic. BISS.). The Library of the Monastery ot St. Catherine o( Sinai, the patriarchal libAtries of Etscbmiadzin {Armenian MSS.) and of Mossoul (Syriac MSS.).
The dangers of all kinds which threaten MSS. have induced the greater number of these libraries to under- take the reproduction in facsimile of their most pre- dous MSS, In 1905 an international congress assem- bled at Brussels to study the best practical means of reproduction. This is a great undertaking, the ac- complishment of which depends on the progress of photography and of colour photography. By this means will the worka of the copyista of the Middle Ages be preserved. (See Libraries.)
Sflnif det bibliethtvua (Paris, since ISBO), b periodical devo- ted to bibliotrsphy. contalos nuinenius unedited cstAlocues, ■od crilical itudiu ol MSS.; Zentralblall fUr BibliolhitutKn (Leipiig, since 1S§4), tmats of periodical bibUosmphy in the ■uppkineat: Qraesei.. Fr. tr. Lavde. Manud 3e BiUialkfro- nonu IPuis, 18^7). deals with Ihe msterial Bmngemcnls of msauBcript cabinets; Ehhle (preFect ot the Vutican), ^ur In """^^rvatum el natauniion i/ft in^Tra \rfi.<i. in Rev. d^a Biblialh. I. ISZ; OuoHT. LMt det r
BiUtrallat der devtiditn
On Iho history of gopyisia a BibliotAigue df VEcolt da ChnHr. numeroua bibliogmplilca) artinlr^ tPttrin ft Isff caUiaraphw in /■'
E La Mar
Sl^}; DEUSI.E. u
the history of medievu uunin'-., <* ljiu-iuaube.*, ^/l Srhreihrr dim MiHsJaWm-s unJ d<ir lOjwiuana (Leipi SsitOER, HUloin de la Vitl^U pctidani la premittn •umitu -V< (Kwcy, 1893); F:iDroN, La librairit
SUXnsOBIFTS
/% jiuKv auiuuat of infonnBtioa coacemin^ papyri will be fcruiul
in Arihiv far Papurui/drnJmn^i (Leipiig. ainco 1900). See alio
HoiiLiiUN.LopaiiifroIoeMtn'^iqueCLouvain. IBOJS): SluditnttBr
PaloMffrapkie md papi/ruiutkundt (Ldpiifc nuee 1901, edited
by Wissilt).
LoDis BafiHiEii.
HftntuciiptB, Iij,TiuiNATED. I. Obigin.—A laije number of MSS. are covered with painted omanients which may be presented under several forma: (l) initials of chapters or paragraphs, ornamented some- times very simply, sometimes on the other hand with ft great profusion of interlacings, foliage, and flowers; these are developed along the whole length of the page and within are sometimes depicted persons or scenes from everyday life; (2) paintings on the margin, in which some scene ia earned over several paees; (3), borders around the text (interlacing colonnades, etc.), the most remarkable example is that of the evangelis- tic canons of the Middle Agea; (4) full-paee paintings (or such as cover only a part of the page), but forming real pictures, similar to ireecoee or easel pictures ; these are chiefly found on veiy ancient or veiy recent MSS, (fourteenth and fifteenth centuriea) ; (6) finally, there exist rolls of parchment wholly covered with paintmgs (Roll of Joeue m the Vatican; £xu]tet Roll of S, lUly; see be- low). All these oma- mentsarecalled"en lumi - nurea", illuminationa, or miniatures, a word used since the end of the six- teenth century. At firat the "miniator" was charged with tracing in red minium the titles and initials. Despite its limi- tations, the art of Ulumi- nation is one of the moet eliarmiiig ever invented; it exacts the same quali- CAH"ViKaii." ficationH and produces
almost as powerful ,^- fecta as painting; it even calls for a delicacy of touch all its own. And whereas moet of the paint- ings of the Middle Ages have perished, these little works form an almost uninterrupted series which afford us a clear idea of the chief schools of painting of eachepoch and each region. Finally, in tbehiatoiy (^ art the rdle of illuminated MSS. was considerable; by treating in their works scenes of sacred history tJie
Orient must be sought the origin of this art,
as well as that of the MSS. themselves. The most
ancient examples are found on Egj'ptian papyri , where
in the midst of the text, and not separated from it,
portraits arc painted, most frequently in profile, ac-
cording to the Egyptian mctliod. After having drawn
the outline in black ink the artist filled in the diawing
in colours. The art seems to have been also cultivated
bjr the Greek artists of Alexandria. The papyrus con-
taining the poems of Timothcus (fourth centuiy b. c.)
foundatAbou9ir,hasalon^-lcggcdbirdin the body of
the text as a mark of division. A fragment of a
romance on a papyrus (Paris, Bib. Nat., supp. Gr.
1294; first century a. d.) displays a text brol^n by
groupeof miniatures: men and women in bluish-giay
or puik costumes stand out in relief from the back-
ground of the papyrus itself. Latin writers show ua
that the miniature was introduced into Rome as earlu
the first wntury B, c. (Pliny, "Hist. Nat.", XXV,
8),
Jib first century B, c. (Pliny, "Hist. Nat.", XXV,
Martial (XIV, 1865) mentions a portrait of Viigil
