BCAMUTIRGI
633
HAMUTIUB
Z, or Cod, HcarleianuB (sixth or seventh century; in
Brit. Mus., London), coi^tains Epist. and Apoo.
Wordsworth and WHtra, Bdiiion of <A€ KtiiSoto (1889- 1906).
V. Syriac MSS.--(1) Old Synac (OS).— The Cure- Ionian and Sinaitic Syriac MSS. represent a version older than the Pe^tto and bear witness to an earlier text, one closely akhi to that of which D and the Old Latin are witnesses.
(a) The Curetonian Syriac (Syr-Cur) MS. was dis- covered in 1S42, among MSS. brought to the British Museum from the monastery of S. Maria Deipara in the Nitrian desert in Egyi>t, and was published by Cureton in 1858. It contains five chapters of John, large portions of Matt, and Luke, and Mark, xvi, 17-20, enou^ to show that the last twelve verses were origi- nally in the document, (b) The Sinaitic Syriac (Syr- Sin) was found by Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. Gibson, during 1892, in the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai. This palimpsest contains the Four Gospels in great part, though not entire; it is an earlier recension of the same version as Syr-Cur. Both are assigned to the fifth century and represent a Syriac version which cannot be later than a. d. 200.
(2) The Diatessaron. — ^This harmony of the Gospels was written by Tatian, an Assyrian and the disciple of Justin Mao-tyr, about a. d. 170, and was widely used in Syria. Our MS. records are two Arabic versions, dis- covered one in Rome the other in Egypt; and pub- lished 1888. A Latin translation of an Armenian edi- tion of St. Ephraem's commentarj^ on the Diatessa- ron is in like manner witness to this early version of the Gospels. Scholars are inclined to make Tatian 's to be the earliest Syriac translation of the Gospel.
(3) The PeshiUo,— The earliest MS. of this Syriac Vulgate is a Pentateuch dated a. d. 464; this is the earliest dated Biblical MS. ; it is in the British Museum. There are two New Testament MSS. of the fifth cen- tury. In all, the Peshitto MSS. number 125 of Gos- pels, 58 of Acts and Cath. Epp., 67 of Paul. Epp.
(4) The Philoxenian Syriac version of the New Tes- tament has come down to us only in tiie four minor Catholic Epistles, not included in the original Peshitto, and in a single MS. of the Apoc., now at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin.
(5) The Harkkan Syriac version of the New Testa- ment is represented bv some 35 MSS. dating from the seventh century and later; they show kinship with a text like to D.
(6) The Palestinian Syriac version of the New Testa- ment has reached us by lectionaries and other frag- mentary MSS. discovered within the past sixteen years. The three principal MSS. are dated a. d. 1030, 1104, and 1118.
Lbwu, Th» Four QotpoU trandaied from ike Sinaitic Palimp- 9MI (1804); Woods and Qwiluam in Sludia Bibliah vob. I and
VI. Armenian MSS. date from a. d. 887, and are numerous.
VII. Coptic MSS.— -(1) Sahidic,— The Apocalypse is the only book of the Old Testament which has come down to us complete in a single MS. of this dialect of Upper Egypt. Many isolated fragments have of recent years been recovered by excavation in £^pt; from these it may soon be possible to reconstruct the Sa- hidic New Testament. The earliest fragments seem to belong to the fifth centuiy. Some of these MSS. are bilinjgual (see T of N. T. MSS.). (2) BoAatric.— This version in the dialect of Lower £%ypt is well repre- sented by MSS. of the same character as Bk. ^Hie Curzon Catena is the earliest extant Boh. MS. of the Gospels; it is dated a. d. 889 and is in the Parham Li- brary. Others are of the twelfth and thirteenth cen- turies. None is at all so old as the Sah. fragments. (3) Middle Egyptian fragments, on vellum and papy- rus, have l)eon found in FayMm anc) near to Aknmim
and to Memphis. The largest of these fragments is a
Brit. Mus. sixth-century palimpsest of John, iii and
iv.
Crum, Caiahoue of Coptic MSS. in the BriHA Miueum (Lon- don, 1005): Htvsrnat, iBtwU wr lea vtrncfM coptet de la Btble in Rev. BiW. (1806). „, ^
Wai/ter Drum.
Manaterff6.-~The name given to the tpwel used by the priest when engaged liturgicaUy. There are two idnda of manuterges. One serves the needs of the sacristy. The priest uses this at the washing of hands before Mass, before distributing Communion outside of Mass, and before administenng baptism. It can also be used for drying the hands after they have been washed on occasions not prescribed by the rubrics, but still customary after Mass. There are no prescrip- tions as to material and form for the towel used in the sacristy. It is usual to have it hanging over a roller, the two ends beinesewti together so as to make it into a circular band. The custom of washing the hands before Mass appears to go back to the early days of Christianity; the ceremon3r is expressly mentioned in the sacramentaries of the ninth and tenth centuries.
The other manuterge is used in the Mass for drying both hands at the Lavabo, an action performed by the priest after the Offertorjr as he recites the psalm, " La- vabo ", and also by the bishop before the OJBFertory and after the Communion. It is kept on the credence table with the finger-bowl and cruete. There are no ecclesiastical regulations regarding the form and ma- terial of this manuterge. The towel , which is used after the Offertory during the recital of the psalm ** La- vabo ", is usually small ( 18 in. by 1 4 in. ), only the points of the thumb and two fingers, and not the whole nand, being usually washed (Kitus celebr., VII, n. 6). It ususSly has lace or embroidery at the ends. This sec- ond manuterge is mentioned in chap, v of the ** Statuta antiqua (fifth century) : " Subdiaconus cum ordinatur . . . accipiat . . . de manu archidiaconi urceolum, aquamanile et nlanutergium (when a subdeacon is ordained he shall receive from the hand of the arch- deacon a water-piteher, a finger-bowl, and a manu- terge) is written regarding the rite used in bestowing the subdiaconate, a ceremony in practice, of course, to-day.
Braun, Winke f&r die AnfeHiguno det ParamerUe (Freibuig im Br., 1904), 72, 76; Bock, GeachiehU der liturgiechen QewUn- der (Bonn, 1871), 23 aq.
Joseph Braun.
ManutiuB, Aldus (Aldo Manuzio), scholar and printer; b. in 1450, at Sermoneta, near Rome; died m 1515. He studied Latin at Rome and Greek at Ferrara. In 1482 he went to Mirandola, where he Uved with Ins old friend, Giovanni Pico, continuing his Greek studies there for two years. He was ap- pointed by Pico tutor to the latter's nephews, Alberto and Idonello Pio, I^ces of Oarpi.
At (3arpi, in 1490, Aldus conceived his brilliant and original project of establishing a Greek press at Venice. The funds for this great undertaking were supplied by his former pupil, Alberto Pio. Between the vears 1494 and 1515 tnirty-three first editions of all the greatest Greek authors were issued from the Al- dine press. Aldus's house became a gathering-place for the learned Greek scholars of the time. The men emp^yed by him in his work were almost all Greeks, ana the prefaces to his great editions were almost al- ways wntten in Greek. Aldus's aim was to publish the best possible books at the lowest possible prices. The type used for his great library of Greek, Latin, and Italian authors, begun in 1501, was the italic, known as the Aldine, and said to have been adapted from the handwriting of Petrarch. It was cut by Francesco da Boi(M;na, and had already been used (for the first time) in the edition of Virgil published in 1500. In 1493, or before tliat, the "Iiero and Leander" of Mqsfl^us was published. This wan (olVaw^wS. Vs^ *<>c«a^
