them refused the Oath of Supremacy has been shown to be misleading, as this figure was given originally in Sander's list, which only included dignitaries and was not exhaustive. Dom Norbert Birt has collected instances of 'nearly two thousand priests who were deprived or who abandoned their livings for conscience' sake. As years went on, death thinned the ranks of these faithful priests, but as late as 1596 there were nearly fifty of them still working on the English mission. Owing to their more favourable legal position they escaped the persecution endured by the Seminary priests, and only one—the Venerable James Bell—is known to have suffered martyrdom.
Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (London, 1907);Sander, Report to Cardinal Moroni in Cath. Record Soc., I (London, 1905); First and Second Doway Diaries: Appendix LIV (London, 1878).
Edwin Burton.
Marianas of Florence, Friar Minor and historian, b. at Florence about the middle of the fifteenth century, exact date of birth uncertain; d. there, 20 July, 1623. Very little is known of the life and personality of this great chronicler of the Franciscan Order. That his writings should, likewise, share in this general oblivion is due to a number of causes, principal among which is the diflBculty of procuring them, not any of his chronicles or other works ever having been published. In his most noted work entitled "Fasciculus Chronicarum", there is contained a history of the Franciscan Order from the beginning up to the year 1486. That Marianus should nave written three centuries after the death of St. Francis in no way tells against his trustworthiness as a historian, for he had access to original sources now lost, of which some precious fragments have been passed on to us through nim. The crudeness and inelegance of his style of which Wadding complains may, perhaps, have been due to the impatience of the good nun Dorothea Broccardi (Dorothea scripsit appears on all her handiwork), who offered to be his amanuensis and who was continually pressing him for copy. Marianus fell a victim to the plague while engaged in administering the last sacraments to the stricken inhabitants of his native city. Besides the '* Fasciculus Chronicarum", he is the author of a **Catalogu8 sen brevis historia feminarum ordinis Sanctse ClarsB" which contains biographical sketches of more than 150 illustrious women of the Second Order of St. Francis. Among his other writings may be mentioned "Historia Montis Alverniae", " Historia Provinciae Etruriae Ordinis Minonim", "Itinerarium Urbis Rohmb", and "Historia Translationis Habitus Sancti Francisci a Monte Acuto ad Florentiam" which has been translated into Italian and published by Fr. Roberto Razzoli in his monograph, "La Chiesa d'Ognissanti in Firenze, Studi storicocritici " (Florence, 1898).
Wadding, Scriploree Ordinie Minorum (Rome, 1907), 167; Bartholi, Tractatua de Indvlgentia S. Maria de Portiuncula, ed. Sabatier (Paris, 1900), 136-164; Golubovich, Biblioteca BioBibliografica della Terra Santa (Quaracchi, 1906), 77-80; Robinson, A Short Introduction to Franciscan Literature (New York, 1907), 17, 42.
Stephen M. Donovan.
MarianuB Scotus.—There were two Irish scholars of this name who attained distinction in the eleventh century. Both spent the greater part of their lives in Germany.
(1) Marianus Scotus, the chronicler, whose Irish name was Maelbrigte, or "Servant of Brigid", b., according to his own * 'Chronicle", in Ireland in 1028; d. at Mainz, 1082. From the same source we leam also that in 1052 he became a monk, assuming the name Marianus, and that in 1056 he went to Cologne, where he entered the Irish monastery of St. Martin. Two years later, he tells us, he went to Fulda, visited Paderbom, and in 1059 was ordained priest at WOrzburg. In 1060 he became a hermit, or recluse, at Fulda, whence in 1070 he moved to Mainz in obedience to an order from his former abbot, Siegfried, who was now archbishop of that see. His remains were interred in the monaatery of St. Martin at Mainz. The only work which can with certainty be ascribed to Marianus is the * ' Universal Chronicle,' (the incipit has the title ** Mariana Scoti cronica clara"), a history of the world, year by year, from the beginning of the Christian era down to 1082. It has been published in various editions, the best of which are the Waitz edition in the "Moniimenta Germanias" (V, 481 sqq.) and Migne's (P. L., CLXVII, 623 sqq.). It exists in at least two eleventh-century manuscripts, one of which (Vatican, 830) has stronc claims to be considered an autograph. The materiu which Marianus gathered tc,ether with a great deal of intelligent industry was used very freely by subsequent chroniclers, such as Florence of Worcester and Siegbert of Gembloux. The chronological system, however, which Marianus defended as preferable, and which was based on his contention that the date of Christ's birth given by Dionysius Ebciguus was twentytwo years too late, did not meet with general acceptance. He himself gives both systems. Besides the "Chronicle" several other works were ascribed to Marianus owing to a confusion of his name with that of his countryman, Marianus, Abbot of St. Peter's at Ratisbon.
P. L., CXLVII, 602 sqq.; Mon. Oerm. Hist.: Script, V, 481 sqq.; Hauasen, Diss, eritica de antiquisa. cod. chroniei Mar. Scoti (Frankfort, 1782); Wattenbach, Deutachlands Oeachichtequellen, II (Berlin, 1874), 83 sqq.
(2) Marianus Scotus, Abbot of St. Peter's at Ratisbon, b. in Ireland before the middle of the eleventh century; d. at Ratisbon towards the end of the eleventh century, probably in 1088. In 1067 he left his native country, intending to make a pilgrimage to Rome. Like many of his countrymen, however, who visited the Continent, he decided to settle in Germany, and did not return to Ireland. At Bamberg he became a Benedictine monk, and thence he went with some companions to Ratisbon (or Regensburg), where he founded the monastery of St. Peter and became its first abbot. After his death he was honoured as a saint, his feast being observed on 17 April, 4 July, or, according to the Bollandists, on 9 Feoruary. Marianus devoted himself to transcribing and glossing the text of the Scriptures. His success as a scribe, and the exceptional beauty of his calligraphy may be judged by a specimen of his work which has come down to us. This is Codex 1247 of the Imperial Library of Vienna containing the Epistles of St. Paul with glosses, some of which are in Latin and others in Irish. The latter were collected and pubHshed by Zeuss in his **Grammatica Celtica" (p. xxiv). The manuscript ends with the words *' In honore individus trinitatis Marianus Scotus scripsit hunc Ubrum suis fratribus peregrinis ..." (the date given is 16 May, 1078). Over the words "Marianus Scotus" is the gloss: "Muirdach trog mace robartaig, i. e. Marianus miser filius Robartaci." The Irish form of his name was, therefore, Muirdach (from the root muir; hence, instead of the Latin form Marianus, there sometimes occurs Pelagius), and his family name was Robartaig, or Rafferty.
Acta SS., Feb., II, 361 sqq.; Revue celtique, I (1870). 262 sqq.; Proceed., Royal Irish Acad., VII, 290 sqq.; Verhundl, hist. Ver. Oberpfalz-Regenaburg (1879), XXVI.
William Turner.
Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Roman-German Empress, bom 1717; died 1780.
I. From 1717 to 1745.—Maria Theresa was bom on 13 May, 1717, the daughter of the German Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) and his wife Elizabeth von Braunschweig-WolfenbOttel. Her elder brother Leo {)old had died a short time before and the emperor was eft without male issue. As early as 1713 he had promulgated a family law, the Pmgmatic Sanction, by
