a chain. If the criminal bribes the blacksmith and runners he may get released from it at night. The man who has suffered this penalty often bears the nick-name of t‘ieh kan for life.
Other punishments are ch‘a êrh chien (插耳箭), to double the ears and put a bamboo needle through the cartilage; ts‘o ching (剒脛), breaking the ankle bone, and the t‘ieh ch‘ien (鐵鉗), or iron tongs. This is an iron frame-work into which the hands and feet are fastened, and the whole is suspended from the neck; the part at the back of the neck being sharp, immediately the hands let go, or the feet move, it cuts the flesh. This is a punishment for the gambler.
II. Fei hsing (匪刑), or k‘o hsing (酷刑), illegal punishments.
Ta chia kuan (打加官), putting on the mask, that is, to suffocate the criminal by putting several layers of paper soaked in lime water over the face. This is done by yamen runners at the wink of the official owing to the case being one of danger to himself and to the district.
Chêng cha pao (蒸鮓包). The unfortunate is put into a cage or pit, and covered up with quick-lime, water is then poured in and the man is roasted or boiled alive. In some cases fire crackers are wound round the body and set alight.
To light the candle; the criminal is chained to a heavy frame, his body is then wound with cotton wool, which is soaked with oil and lighted at the crown of the head.
III. Death penalty. (死刑) Ssŭ hsing.
Tiao kao lung (吊高櫳), is to hang up in a cage by the neck. The cage has no bottom and stands about ten feet high. The neck is encircled by the top cover of the cage, the head being outside. Death comes very soon, and it is reckoned a light penalty because the body is not mutilated. Any district magistrate may use this method of execution and also Yung k‘ou chia (擁口枷), or the clasp-throat cangue. This is a heavy oak pillory and is over 100 catties in weight.
