original home. The vows used are many and various, but the chief are for the purification of the body and of the mouth. Their charms also are very abundant, the chief ones being the Kao Wang (高王符) charm and the Goddess of Mercy (觀音) charm.
In 1905 a hypnotic sect entered Ssǔch‘uan from Shensi and disturbed the eastern and southern parts of the province. It was known as the Ch‘ing Ch‘a Chiao (清察教). Its charms were similar to those of the Red Lantern Society; but the vows were different and seem to have originated in the Yangtze provinces, for the "tea-planter's ballad" was used in the religious observances.
During the short reign of Hsüan T‘ung a religious sect drilled and caused trouble in eastern Ssǔch‘uan; but they never got out of control owing to the severe measures taken against them by the authorities.
The Reactionary School, or Han Liu (漢流)
This is our third great class of secret societies. It must be borne in mind that our division is by no means arbitrary. It is quite possible for a person to belong to all three classes; on the other hand there has sometimes been strife, especially between the Hypnotic and the Reactionary Schools.
Investigating the origin of this School we find it begins in hoary antiquity, and probably represents the most ancient demon worship. The class tenaciously holds to natural depravity, resists external reforms, and through the ages has made licentious liberty the chief ideal of life.
The heroes worshipped are the "Peach Orchard" trio of the Han dynasty; but they have also a system of Shamanism probably of much earlier date, and including all manner of sorceries' and wizards' art.
Among other terms the brethren call themselves tsa-mên ti-hsiung (咱們弟兄), we brethren. Tsa-mên is of northern origin and Shamanism had its origin in Northern Asia; hence I believe this brotherhood to be Asiatic Shamanism. This system of Shamanism has very wide ramifications in Central
