tion," an "easy way to be considered by the world of Islâm as a kind of fetish”; he says that "this double quality [of the Sultan-Caliph] has never been recognized by the civilized powers" and that the honest abandonment of this title would rather strengthen Turkey than weaken her. Of course he also has a few things to say about the holy war. About this he intentionally put his opinion on record when the word jihâd was brought up by the Turks in their war with Italy over Tripoli, and he made use of this expression which has again become topical: "… the threat of holy war, i. e., of war against all unbelievers, except against those who are expressly designated to the community by the leaders of Islâm as friends of Islâm. This idea is madness." As the seat of the agitation was at that time in Berlin, he adds to this: "Let this be a warning against the creation of unrest by the excitation of reli-
