c C, in Anglo-Saxon, was taken directly from the Latin alphabet, the source, it is believed, whence it has passed into various languages. In English words immediately derived from Anglo-Saxon, the c of the Anglo-Saxon often becomes k in English, as A. S. cy7ig=Eng. king; A. S. cy7i=Eng. kin, or kindred. Some- times the A. S. c becomes q in English, as A. S. Cwe?z;=Eng. queen. At others it is changed into ch, as A. S. ct7ct=Eng. child. In modern English c has two leading values. Before i and e it is sounded as s (examples: certain, cinc- ture), and before a, o, and w as /c (ex- amples: cat, cost, curtly). It is mute before k, as ti-ick. C. As an initial is used: 1. In chronology: Chiefly for Christ, as B, C.= (Before Christ). 2. In Music: For counter-tenor, or contralto. 3. In university degrees; For Civil, as D. C. L.=Doctor of Civil Law. C. As a symbol is used: 1. In numerals: For 100. Thus CII= 102, CC;=200. 2. In chemistry: For the element car- bon, of which it is also the initial letter. 3. In music: (1) For the first note of the diatonic scale, corresponding to do of the Italians. (2) For the natural major mode, that in which no sharps or flats are em- ployed. (3) For common or four-crochet time. CAABA, or KAABA, the Mohammedan temple at Mecca, especially a small ora- tory within, adored by Mohammedans as containing the black stone said to have been given by an angel to Abraham on the occasion of building the original Caaba. CABAL, a junto, a small number of persons in secret conclave carrying out their purposes in church and state by in- trigue and trickery. This bad sense was acquired in the time of Charles II. of England. 267 CABANEL, ALEXANDRE, a French historical painter, born in Montpellier, Sept. 28, 1823. His subjects are drawn from the Bible or from poetry and leg- end, and are almost without exception of a morbid and sensuous character. Thus from the Bible he takes the re- pulsive story of "Tamar," and also paints the "Sulamite Listening to the Voice of Her Lover." This latter picture is in the Wolfe collection. Metropolitan Mu- seum of New York. Cabanel also painted many portraits. He died in Paris, Jan. 23, 1889, CABARET, a vaudeville entertain- ment, usually given in a restaurant dur- ing meals. The entertainment is called cabaret shows. These shows have be- come very popular in the larger cities during recent years. CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea) , a plant in general cultivation for culinary purposes, and for feeding cattle. The common cabbage is said to have been in- troduced into England by the Romans, but to have been little known in Scotland until brought by Cromwell's soldiers. The principal varieties are known to have exist at least as far back as the 16th century, but minor varieties are be- ing constantly produced by selection and intercrossing. The varieties differ greatly from each other, and the ancestral wild cabbages yet admit of simple interpre- tation as terms o£ a continuous series of simple variations. The parent is of highly vegetative character, as its habi- tat and habit alike show; and placed in more favorable conditions its growth be- comes luxuriant. More normally, it is carried back into the stem, and this may accordingly become swollen and turnip- like, in which case we have the kohl- rabi. The vegetative overplus may, how- ever, also be applied to the formation of buds, which accordingly develop with peculiar exuberance, giving us Brussels sprouts. The most evolved and final variety is the cauliflower, in which the
