mean. Among the principal public edifices are the Government House, Mint, Custom House, the Scotch, Portuguese,, Greek, and American churches, the Courts of Justice, colleges, hospitals, etc. The environs of the city are very attractive, and its market is admirably supplied with the choicest game, fruits, etc. European society here is gay and convivial; but a certain degree of formality prevails, and the Brahminical institution of "caste" would appear to have communicated itself to all the ranks and classes of Europeans. Pop., including Howrah and suburbs, about 1,300,000.
CALDECOTT, RANDOLPH, an English artist; born in Chester, England, March 22, 1846. In 1882 he became a member of the Institute of Painters in Water-colors. He will chiefly be remembered by the admirable "Caldecott's Picture-books," which began in 1878, with "John Gilpin" and "The House that Jack Built." After vain attempts to restore his health by trips abroad, he died in St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 12, 1886.
CALDER, WILLIAM M., an American senator, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1869. He was elected in 1904 to represent the 6th New York district in the 59th Congress; was re-elected to the four succeeding Congresses. He was chosen delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1908, 1912 and 1916. In 1916 he was elected United States Senator for the term beginning March 4, 1917.
CALDERON DE LA BARCA, PEDRO (dā lä bär'kä), a Spanish dramatist; born in Madrid, Spain, Jan. 17, 1600; educated in the Jesuits' College, Madrid, and at Salamanca. Before his 14th year he had written his third play. Leaving Salamanca in 1625, he entered the army and served with distinction for 10 years in Milan and the Netherlands. In 1636 he was recalled by Philip IV., who gave him the direction of the court entertainments. The next year he was made knight of the order of Santiago, and served in 1640 in the campaign in Catalonia. In 1651 he entered the clerical profession, and in 1653 obtained a chaplain's office in the archiepiscopal church at Toledo. But as this situation removed him too far from court, he received, in 1663, another at the king's court chapel; and at the same time a pension was assigned him from the Sicilian revenue. His fame greatly increased his income, as he was solicited by the principal cities of Spain to compose their "Sacremental Acts." for which he was liberally paid, and on which he specially prided himself. Besides heroic comedies and historical plays, some of which merit the name of tragedies, Calderon left 95 sacramental acts, 200 preludes, and 100 farces. He wrote his last play in the 80th year of his age. His smaller poems are now forgotten, but his plays have maintained their place on the stage even more than those of Lope de Vega. Their number amounts to 127. He wrote, however, many more, some of which were never published. He died in Madrid, May 25, 1681.
CALEDONIA, the name given by the Romans to that part of Scotland which lay between the Friths of Forth and Clyde, and which was partially inhabited by the tribe of Caledonii, The name Caledonii disappears about the beginning of the 4th century, when the inhabitants of Scotland begin to be spoken of as Scots and Ficts. The word Caledonia has been retained as a kind of poetical name for Scotland.
CALEDONIAN CANAL, a chain of natural lakes united by artificial canals, running straight across the N. of Scotland in a S. W. line from the North Sea to the Atlantic, through Glenmore, or the Great Glen of Albin, in Invernessshire, and touching Argyllshire at its extremity.
CALENDAR, a distribution or division of time into periods adapted to the purposes of civil life; also a table or register of such divisions, exhibiting the order in which the seasons, months, festivals, and holidays succeed each other in the year. The most remarkable calendars are:
1. The Hebrew calendar. The year of the Jews was a lunar one, being composed of 354 days, divided into 12 months, which had alternately 29 and 30 days. In order to make this lunar year accord with the solar year, the Hebrews supplied, seven times in 19 years, an intercalary month of 29 days. Each month was divided into periods of seven days, or weeks, the Saturday being celebrated under the name of Sabbath.
2. The calendar of the Greeks, whose year was likewise lunar, and composed of 12 months, containing alternately 29 and 30 days. To accommodate this year to the solar one, the Greeks added every two years a supplementary month. Each month was divided into three decades.
3. The Roman, or Julian calendar. The Roman year, under Romulus, contained only 10 months, or 304 days. Under
