founded, but who succumbed to the more warlike and hardy Samnites, who, in their turn, yielded to the irresistible valor of Rome. Through all these vicissitudes of conquest the substratum of the people remained as at the beginning. The mass of the Campanians were essentially of Oscan race, and Oscan they remained. Indeed it is mainly from them that our knowledge of the Oscan language is de- rived,
and one of their towns, Atella,
introduced to the early Roman stage a species of popular drama or comedy.
CAMPANILE, a tower for the reception of bells, principally used for church purposes, but now sometimes for domestic edifices. The campanile at Cremona is very celebrated, being 395 feet high. That at Florence, by Giotto, is 267 feet high and 45 feet square. The most remarkable of the campaniles is that at Pisa, commonly called the "Leaning Tower." It is cylindrical in form, and surrounded by eight stories of columns, placed over one another, each having its entablature. The height is about 150 feet to the platform, whence a plumbline lowered falls on the leaning side nearly 13 feet outside the base of the building. The famous campanile of St. Mark's, Venice, begun in 874, completed in 1150, and remodeled in 1517, fell in 1902, but has been re-erected to conform to its appearance in 1517.
CAMPANINI, CLEOFONTE, an Italian musical director, born at Parma, Italy, in 1860. He studied music at the Royal Conservatory at Parma and made his first appearance as director in that city in 1881. His reputation spread rapidly through Italy and to other countries of Europe, and to South America. From 1897 to 1906 he was principal director of the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, London. His first visit to America was made in 1883, and from 1906 to 1909 he was director of the Manhattan Opera Company. From 1910 to 1913 he was general musical director of the Chicago and Philadelphia opera companies. He was general manager of these companies since 1913. Among notable productions which he conducted were "Salome," "Natoma," "Thais," "Samson and Delilah," and "Monna Vanna." He received many orders from the crowns of Italy, Austria, Spain, and Portugal, and from several countries in South America. He died in 1919.
CAMPANINI, ITALO (käm-pä-nē'-nē), an Italian singer; born in Parma, June 29, 1846. He served in Garibaldi's army in two campaigns, when only 15 years of age. He studied at the Parma Conservatory for one year, and in an appearance as the notary in "La Sonnambula" he was unsuccessful. He then studied with Lamperti at Milan, and made a successful appearance in "Faust" at La Scala, Milan. In 1872 he appeared in London, and a year later came to the United States as a member of the Nilsson Company, appearing in "Lucrezia Borgia." For a number of years he was considered the finest of living tenors. A disease of the throat afterward somewhat impaired his voice. He died near Parma, Italy, Nov. 23, 1896.
Campanula, the bell-flower, so called from the shape of its flowers. An
