CANADA 313 CANADA and pure state. Gold is also found in rich deposits in the Northwest Terri- tories. Extraordinary silver deposits are found in several islands on the N. shore of Lake Superior and in argen- tiferous galena in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia. Copper abounds in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, On- tario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and the Northwest Tei-ritories. The copper found on the N. shore of Lake Superior, and in Ontario, is of excellent quality. Iron is found in gi-eat quantities at Hull, Ontario, in a bed 90 feet thick. This ore is magnetic, yielding 70 per cent, pure iron. Magnetite is also found in Nova Scotia, and New Bi'unswick. Silver- bearing lead, tin, zinc, and bismuth are found in many places. Coal exists in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, and the Northwest Terri- tories. The Nova Scotia and New Brunswick fields are of great extent, and the value of this output in British Columbia alone is second only to that of its gold. Anthracite is found in Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands. Among the precious stones of Canada are diamonds, rubies, pearls, amethysts, camelians, chalcedonies, porphyries, ag- ates, and jaspers. The total value of the mineral production in 1919 was $167,000,000. The gold production was valued at $16,275,000, the coal produc- tion at $12,500,000, the silver production at $13,500,000, and the production of pig iron at $920,000. During the four years down to the close of 1919, the prices of minerals and metals were greatly enhanced, and this contributed in a large measure toward increasing the total value ^ of the mineral produc- tion. In addition to those mentioned above, other important metallic products were cobalt, copper, lead, molybdenite, nickel, zinc, graphite, gypsum, magne- site, and mica. Soil, Climate, etc. — The soil is gener- ally clay, beneath a rich vegetable loam, and is covered in its natural state with oak, elm, walnut, whitewood, pine, fir, and maple trees. It is well adapted to general agriculture, and is capable of the highest cultivation. The climate varies greatly. In the S. provinces the sum- mers are warm, and, although the winters are cold, they are pleasant and bracing. In the W. the climate is milder than in the rest of the Dominion. In the extreme N. the ground is covered with snow early the entire year and the winters are very severe. The greater part of the Dominion is covered with forests. Affriculture. — The greater part of Nova Scotia, Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario and Vancouver Island, besides the coun- try lying between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains, is admirably adapted to agriculture. The total farm wealth of Canada exceeds $7,000,000,000. The field crops in 1919, both in value of crops and acreage, are the highest on record. Their value amounted to $1,448,153,500, com- pared with $1,372,935,570 in 1918. The value of the most important products is as follows: Wheat, $360,573,000; oats, $317,097,000; barley, $77,462,700; rye, $14,240,000; peas, $9,739,300; beans, $6,- 214,800; buckwheat, $15,831,000; mixed grains, $37,735,400; flax, $22,609,500; corn for husking, $22,080,000; potatoes. $118,894,200; turnips, etc., $54,958,700; hay and clover, $338,713,200 ; fodder corn, $34,179,500; sugar beets, $2,606,000, and alfalfa, $10,800,200. The crops yielded in 1919 over a billion bushels of grain, and over 20,000,000 tons of hay and com. There were 667,951 farms. Of these 184,- 347 were in Ontario; 143,958 in Quebec; 103,912 in Saskatchewan; 67,603 in Al- berta; 53,638 in Nova Scotia; 49,855 in Manitoba; 37,204 in New Brunswick; 13,- 743 in British Columbia, and 13,705 in Prince Edward Island. Within 50 years the grain-growing center has shifted from the E. to the W. In 1870 85 per cent, of the wheat, oats, and barley were grown in Ontario. In 1919 Saskatchewan alone produced over 60 per cent, of these products in all Canada. The estimated wool yield was 17,300,000 pounds. Can- ada stood fifth among the world's wheat- producing countries. There were in operation in 1919 nearly 4,000 grain elevators, with a capacity of 221,279,964 bushels. Fisheries. — The fisheries stand fifth in order of value among Canadian in- dustries. The product of the fisheries in 1919 was $37,137,072. A capital of over $30,000,000 is employed, and about 100,- 000 persons are engaged in fishing, or in handling fishing products. There were in 1919 over 1,300 vessels, and 40,000 boats engaged in fishing. These were valued at about $10,000,000. Banking. — There were in 1919 a total of 4,442 branch banks in Canada. Bank clearings for the year amounted to $16,- 709,598,895. The total deposits in banks amounted to $1,841,478,895, and the to- tal assets of the banks amounted to $2,965,373,675. Commerce. — The foreign trade of Canada for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, was as follows: Imports $886,- 134,043, of which $550,516,656 were dutiable goods, and $335,617,387 were free goods. The exports amounted to $1,260,312,671, of which $1,201,801,387 were Canadian goods, and $58,511,284 were foreign goods. The imports from the United States in 1918 amounted to
