CONCORDAT 99 CONDE Testament was that of Thomas Gybson, before A. D. 1540; the first to the whole English version of the Bible that of Mar- beck, A. D. 1550. These, of course, pre- ceded the appearance in A. D. 1611 of the authorized version of the Bible. The elaborate and well-known work of Cruden appeared first in 1737. The first known Concordance to Shakespeare was that of Ayscough, in 1790. Mrs. Cowden Clarke's elaborate and most useful work first appeared in 1847. Concordances to Milton, Thomp- son, and other celebrated poets and authors have been published. CONCORDAT, a compact, a conven- tion, or an agreement entered into be- tween the Pope and a sovereign prince or a government for regulating the af- fairs of the Church within the kingdom. A Concordat between Pope Calixtus II. and the Emperor Henry V. of Germany was agreed on in 1122, which terminated the fierce controversy about investitures, and still to a certain extent regulates the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. In 1516 a Concordat took place between Pope Leo X. and Francis I., King of France, by which the Chap- ters were deprived of the right which they had formerly enjoyed of electing the bishops of the several sees. After much delay and royal importunity the French Parliament reluctantly regis- tered this surrender of privilege on March 15, 1518. Omitting less interest- ing Concordats, a celebrated one took place on July 15, 1801, between Pope Pius VII., acting through Cardinal Con- salvi, and Napoleon Bonaparte, then first consul. This engagement re-established the Papal authority in France, but placed the clergy, in temporal and in some spir- itual matters, under the jurisdiction of the civil power. Other concordats with the French Government were on Jan. 25, 1813, and Nov. 22, 1817. On Aug. 18, 1835, a Concordat concluded between Pope Pius IX. and the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of Austria considerably in- creased the legal power of the Papacy in that empire; it was virtually abol- ished in 1868. ZiONCORDIA, a goddess, to whom many temples were built at Rome; she typified the good results of the compact between the patricians and the plebeian classes. CONCORDIA, a town of the Argen- tine state of Entre Rios, on the Urugxiay, 302 miles N. of Buenos Aires by river. It has a custom house and a river-trade exceeded only by that of Buenos Aires and Rosario, exporting salted meat and Paraguay tea. Pop. about 13,000. CONCRETE, a technical term in logic, applied to an object as it exists in na- ture, invested with all its attributes, or to the notion of such an object. Concrete is opposite to abstract. The names of individuals are concrete ; those of classes, abstract. A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name is a name which stands for the attribute of a thing. CONCRETE, a composition used in building, consisting of hydraulic or other mortar mixed with gravel or stone chip- pings about the size of a nut. It is used extensively in building under water, for example, to form the bottom of a canal or sluice, or the foundation of any struc- ture raised in the sea; and it is also fre- quently used to make a bed for asphalt pavement, or to form foundations for buildings of any kind. It is used as the material with which the walls of houses are built, the concrete being run into moulds of the requisite shape, and then allowed to set. It is generally re-enforced with steel wire to strengthen it especially in open wall building. See Cement. CONCRETIONARY STRUCTURE, a condition in rocks produced by molecular aggregation subsequent to the deposition of the strata, whereby the material of the rock is formed into spherules or balls, as in the concretions of magrnesian lime- stone and the somewhat similar struc- tures occasionally seen in certain tuffs and crystalline igneous rocks. _ Concre- tions are nodules, balls, or irregular masses of various kinds which occur scat- tered through the body of a rock, and consist of mineral matter which was for- merly diffused through the material of the rock. CONCUBINAGE, the act or state of living with one of the opposite sex with- out being legally married. Concubinage was tolerated among the patriarchs (Gen. XXV : 6) and by the Mosaic law (Exod. xxi: 9-12; Deut. xx: 14), and was largely practiced by Solomon (I Kings xi: 3). It was tolerated also among most if not all other Oriental nations, as well as among the Greeks and the Romans to the time of Constantine. The laws of the various States of the United States generally sanction only proper marriage; but on the Continent of Europe morga- natic or left-handed marriages sometimes contracted by royal personages are es- sentially the same as the concubinage of the old Romans. CONDE (kon-da'), the name of a French family, the younger branch of the Bourbons, who took their name from the town of Conde, department of
