CONE-SHELLS 103 CONFEDERATE STATES Francisco in 1908 and was fleet engineer of the Atlantic fleet on the tour around the world in 1908-1909. In 1909 he was appointed head of the Bureau of Steam Engineering with the rank of rear-ad- miral and engineer-in-chief. This was followed by service at sea as commander of several vessels. During the World War he was in command of the United States Naval Aviation Forces and was wounded on board the S. S. "Leinster" when she was sunk in the Irish Sea by a German submarine. He received many decorations from foreign countries for his service in the war and was a member of many naval and scientific societies. CONE-SHELLS, or CONID^, a family so called on account of their form. All the cones have a similar external out- line; the aperture is long and narrow, the head of the living animal is more or less lengthened, the foot is splay and abrupt- ly cut off in front, the tentacles are rather widely separate and the eyes are placed on these organs. The textile cone- shells, brought from Mauritius, a hand- some species 4 or 5 inches in length, are marked with narrow, angular lines of dark brown, variegated with dashes of yellow and irregular white spots. The Admiral cone-shell is similar in appear- ance but smaller, and both species haunt the fissures and holes in rocks and the warmer pools in coral reefs. They all take a moderate range of depth, varying from 1 to 40 fathoms. CONESSIBARK, the bark of WHghtia anti-dysenterica, an apocynaceous plant of India, used as a tonic, a febrifuge, and an astringent in diarrhoea. CONEY ISLAND, a small island in the Borough of Brooklyn, about 10 miles S. E. of New York City. It is about 5 miles in length and from half to three- quarters of a mile in width; separated from the mainland by Coney Island creek. It is connected with New York and Brooklyn by steam and electric railroads and steamboat lines. It is a noted day summer resort, and has numerous bath- ing houses, hotels, concert and other amusement halls, carousels, pavilions, electric lights, and a fine cycle path con- nectmg it with Prospect Park, Brook- lyn. Brighton and Manhattan have ex- tensive hotels, and are the preferred resorts for the wealthier class. Coney Is- land was one of the first landing places of the Dutch, and for over 200 years was considered a worthless waste. In 1840 steamboats began making excursions there, and for 25 years it was a popular resort. In 1875 steam railroads were built, and since then the island has been the most popular resort in the immedi- ate neighborhood of New York City. In 1903 and again in 1911 public parka were opened by the city. CONFEDERACY, UNITED DAUGH- TERS OF THE, a woman's patriotic so- ciety founded at Nashville, Tenn., in 1894 to perpetuate the memory of those in the South who fought for or assisted the Confederate States of America in their fight for independence. To be a member of the society one must be a fe- male descendant of one who rendered service to the Confederacy, either civil or military. There are chapters in all the Southern States, as well as elsewhere. The combined membership in 1920 was about 100,000. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMER- ICA, THE, the name adopted by the Southern States when they seceded from the Union and formed a government at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861. Dele- gates from the States of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, adopted a Constitution and elected Jefferson Davis, of Mis- sissippi, President, and Alexander E. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. Texas, Arkansas, North Carolina, Ten- nessee, and Virginia afterward joined the Confederacy. Missouri and Ken- tucky were always in dispute and had representatives in both the United States Congress and the Confederate States Congress. The States which en- tered into the formation of the Confed- eracy had all passed ordinances of seces- sion, withdrawing from the Union in full confidence that they not only had the legal right to do so, but were fully jus- tified in their action by circumstances and the interests of their people. His- torical precedent certainly seemed to give them the right of withdrawal. After the first gun had been fired by John Brown at Harper's Ferry and when Major Anderson marched out of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, both sec- tions were wild with excitement and there seemed nothing left but to fight it out to the bitter end. The odds in numbers and resources were overwhelmingly in favor of the North. The States which adhered to the Federal government (not count- ing Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, which furnished more troops to the Fed- eral than to the Confederate armies) had a population of 20,000,000, while the white population of the Confederate States numbered only 5,000,000. The ofii- cial reports of the Adjutant-General, United States army, show that there were actually mustered into the Federal ar- mies during the war 2,778,304 men, while the Confederate Adjutant-General, Sam- uel Cooper, has shown that the Confed-
