CLEVELAND 20 CLIFF DWELLERS the School of Commerce, New York Uni- versity 1903-1905. In 1907 he became director of the Bureau of Municipal Re- search. Among his publications are: "Funds and Their Uses" (1902) ; "The Bank and the Treasury" (1905) ; "Rail- road Finance" (1912), in collaboration with F. W. Powell; "Organized Democ- racy" (1913); etc. CLEVELAND, GROVER, an Ameri- can statesman; twice President of the United States; born in Caldwell, Essex CO., N. J., March 18, 1837; son of a Pres- byterian clergyman. He studied law, settled in Buffalo, and in 1863 became assistant district attorney of Erie county, N. Y. After becoming in succession sheriff and mayor of Buffalo, he was chosen governor of New York in 1882. In 1884 he received the Democratic nom- ination for the Presidency, and was GROVER CLEVELAND elected, defeating James G. Blaine. He was renominated in June, 1888, but was defeated by Benjamin Harrison, Nov. 6 following. After a successful law prac- tice of four years he was again nomi- nated by the Democratic National Con- vention of 1892, in spite of the opposition of the delegation from his own State, and elected by very large majorities. Some of the measures of his administra- tion were: The settlement of the Vene- zuelan boundary question with Great Britain; the consolidating of postoflfices in large centers so as to increase the scope of the civil-service rules; and most notably the conclusion in January, 1897, of a general arbitration treaty with Great Britain, which, however, was re- jected by the Senate. Possessed of great independence of character and persist- ence in carrying out policies once deter- mined upon, he often aroused criticism and hostility in the ranks of his own party. On the other hand, these quali- ties won him admiration in many quar- ters. During 1896-1897 he maintained an attitude of friendliness for Spain in the midst of great popular clamor in be- half of the Cuban cause, offering the friendly services of the United States in his last annual message, in composing the differences between Spain and Cuba on a basis of home rule. After his re- tirement from the Presidency he lived at Princeton, N. J. He was made a trustee of Princeton University, where he lec- tured at times. Some of his lectures formed the basis of his book, "Presiden- tial Problems" (1904). He died June 24, 1908. CLEVELAND HEIGHTS, a city of Ohio, in Cuyahoga co. It is a suburb of Cleveland. Pop. (1910) 2,955; (1920) 15,236. CLEWS, HENRY, an American finan- cier; born in Staffordshire, England, Aug. 14, 1840; studied for the ministry, but left school to embark on a mercan- tile career in New York, where his father had taken him on a visit. At the out- break of the Civil War he was appointed by Secretary of the Treasury Chase gov- ernment financial agent to continue the sale of bond issues to finance the war. In 1877 he organized and has since been the head of the firm of Henry Clews & Co. In recognition of his service during the war, he was chosen by President Grant fiscal agent of the United States for all foreign nations. He twice de- clined the portfolio of Secretary of the Treasury. Among other works he wrote "Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street" (1885) ; "The Wall Street Point of View" (1900); "Speeches and Essays" (1910). CLICHE (kle-sha), an electrotype or a stereotype cast from an engraving, es- pecially from a wood-cut. CLIFF DWELLERS, a race of Indians who lived in the cliffs bordering on the valleys of the Rio Grande and Rio Col- orado. Their homes were built in the re- cesses of these cliffs at a height often of several hundred feet from the ground, and at the present time seemingly inac- cessible, as the former paths that led to them have nearly all been destroyed by the crumbling away of the rocks. These dwellings sometimes consisted of many rooms, and in some cases were two or more stories high, hewn in the rock, with
