at the two Hague Conferences and was a member of the Hague Court. For eight years he was diplomat at the French Em- bassy, London, and later became a mem- ber of the French Senate. He wrote books on politics, economic science, arbi- tration, limitation of armaments, and organization of peace. His works in- clude: "Pygmalion," "La politique Fran- çaise en Tunisie" (crowned by the French Academy), and "Les Etats-Unis d'Amerique."
DESUETUDE, in Scots law, that re- peal or revocation of a legal enactment which is effected not by a subsequent con- trary enactment, but by the establish- ment of a contrary use, sanctioned by the lapse of time and the consent of the community.
DETERMINANT, in logic, a mark or attribute added to the subject or predi- cate, which narrows the extent of both, but renders them more definite, or better determined. In mathematics, a name given to the sum of a series of products of several numbers, these products being formed according to certain specified laws. Thus the determinant of the nine numbers : a, b, c a′, V, c′ a", b", c′′ is ab′c′′ — ab′′c′+a′b′′c — a′bc′′-|-a′′bc′ — a′′b′c.
DETERMINISM, a name applied by Sir W. Hamilton to that system of philos- ophy which holds that the will is not a free agent, but is irresistibly determined by providential motives, that is, by mo- tives furnished by Providence, which turn the balance in our mental delibera- tions in accordance with its views. DETMOLD, capital of the former Ger- man Principality of Lippe, on the Werre, 47 miles S. W. of Hanover. The chief buildings are the old castle, the modern palace, and the theater. Detmold has also a museum, a public library, a hos- pital, a gymnasium, and several other schools. There are manufactures of to- bacco, cards, and carved work in wood and stone, as well as several breweries. On a hill two miles from Detmold is a colossal statue of Arminius. DETONATING POWDERS, certain chemical compounds, which, on being ex- posed to heat or suddenly struck, explode with a loud report, owing to one or more of the constituent parts suddenly assum- ing the gaseous state. The chloride and iodide of nitrogen are very powerful de- tonating substances. DETONATING TUBE, a species of eudiometer, being a stout glass tube used in chemical analysis for detonating gas- eous bodies. It is generally graduated into centesimal parts, and perforated by two opposed wires for the purpose of passing an electric spark through the gases which are introduced into it, and which are con- fined within it over mercury and water. DETRITUS, applied in geology to ac- cumulations formed by the disintegration of rocks, may consist of angular and sub- angular debris, or of more or less water- worn materials, such as gravel, sand, or clay, or an admixture of these. DETROIT, the largest city of Michi- gan, and the county-seat of Wayne co. It is on the Detroit river, along which it extends for about 12 miles. It is also on the shores of Lake St. Clair. The city has an area of about 94 square miles, and is beautifully situated on ground which rises from the river. The great bodies of water adjacent to the city tend to moderate climatic conditions, and its elevation of 576 feet above sea- level has much to do with the very high average of health conditions in the city and its surroundingfs. The city, both commercially and industrially, is one of the most important in the United States. It is on the lines of the Canadian Pacific, the Grand Trunk, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Pere Mar- quette, the Wabash, the Michigan Cen- tral, and other railroads. Its indus- tries are widely diversified. There were in 1920 over 3,100 different classes hundreds of commodities of world-wide uses. It stands prominently among the cities of the United States in the pro- duction of automobiles, adding machines, soda and alkali products, stoves, steam- ships, gas engines, aeroplanes, hydraulic hoists, automobile parts, varnishes, paints, and oils, drugs, and pharmaceuti- cal products. Wholesale and jobbing in- terests also play an important part in the business life of the city. The Detroit river carries an immense freight traffic. Nearly 40,000 vessels yearly, carrying a total tonnage of approximately 100,000,- 000 tons, valued at more than a billion and a quarter dollars, pass before the city. Detroit had in 1920 14 State banks, 5 National banks, 6 trust companies, and a Federal Reserve bank, with aggre- gate resources in the neighborhood of a half billion dollars. The total capital, surplus and undivided profits of the banks aggregated $50,000,000, and the total deposits amounted to nearly $425,- 000,000. The exchanges in the clearing house for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, amounted to $4,032,443,000. Several of the largest manufacturers of automobiles have their plants in Detroit. These in- clude the Ford Company, Packard Motor
