DRAMA LEAGTJE 420 DRAWING or what is called the romantic school, the leader in the movement being Victor Hugo. C. Delavigne marks the transi- tion from the classical to the beginnings ©f the romantic school, and among the modern dramatists may be mentioned A. de Vigny, George Sand, Alfred de Mus- set, Merimee, Ponsard, Augier, Scribe, Dumas the Younger, Sardou, Francois Coppde, Jean Richepin, Edmond Ros- tand, Bernstein, Lernative, Mirbeau, and Becq. The German drama is of later birth than any we have mentioned, and for a long time the Germans contented them- selves with translations and adaptations from the French. Lessing was the first who, by word and deed, broke the French sway (1755), and he was suc- ceeded by Schiller and Goethe, who rank as the greatest of the more modern dra- matists. Prominent names in the Ger- man drama are Kotzebue, Korner, Schlegel, Tieck, Brentano, Grillparzer, Hebbel, Ludwig, Gutzkow, Freytag, Laube, Fulda, Hauptmann, Von Moser. The Dutch drama begins with the classi- cal tragedies of Koster in the beginning of the 17th century, and reached its highest in Vondel (1587-1659). Hol- berg, Heiberg, Oehlenschlager, Ibsen, and Bjornson are the chief names con- nected with the Scandinavian drama. DRAMA LEAGUE OF AMERICA, an organization founded in 1910 at Evans- ton, 111. The purpose of the Leag:ue is to encourage the production of ^ high- class drama by educating the public and by pledging the support of its members to plays approved by the organization. This latter takes the form of assuring the author support for the first ten days of the showing. The idea being that of giving the play a good introduction to the public. In addition to these steps the League issues a bulletin which it sends to all of its members, listing the good plays which are playing in their city and giving some idea of their gen- eral nature. The poor plays are not at- tacked, they are just ignored. The or- ganization has had a rapid development and now has members in most of the cities in the United States. DRAPER, ANDREW SLOAN, an American educator; born in Westford, N. Y., June 21, 1848. He served in the New York Legislature; was appointed by President Arthur one of the judges of the Court of Alabama Claims; was State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion in New York in 1866-1892, superin- tendent of schools in Cleveland, O., in 1892-1894; and in 1894 became president of the University of Illinois, which position he held for 10 years. In 1903 he was elected president of the National Central Association of Colleges and Sec- ondary Schools. He was chosen Com- missioner of Education of the State of New York in 1904. He was author of numerous educational works including "Conserving Childhood" (1909), and "Holiday Papers" (1912); Editor of "Self Culture for Young People" (10 vols.), 1906, etc. He died in 1913. DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM, an American physiologist, chemist, and writer; born near Liverpool, England, May 5, 1811. He came to the United States in 1833, and took his degree as M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1836. He became Professor of Chem- istry in the University of New York in 1841, and in 1850 Professor of Physi- ology. Among his works are: Human Physiology" (1856); "History of the Intellectual Development of Europe" (1862), "History of the American Civil War" (1867-1870) ; "History of the Con- flict between Religion and Science" (1875), which was translated into nearly all the languages of Europe. He died in Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1882. DRAVE, or DRAU (dra've), a Eu- ropean river which rises in Tyrol, flows E. S. E. across the N. of Illyria and the S. of Styria, and between Hungary on the left and Croatia and Slavonia on the right, and after a course of nearly 400 miles joins the Danube 14 miles E. of Essek. It is navigable for about 200 miles. DRA VIDIAN, a term applied to the vernacular tongues of the great major- ity of the inhabitants of southern India, and to the people themselves who must have inhabited India previous to the advent of the Aryans. The Dravidian languages are generally considered to belong to the Turanian class, and the family consists of the Tamil, Telugu, Canarese, Malayalam, Tulu, Tuda, Gond, Rajmahal, Oraon, etc. Only the first four mentioned have a literature, that of the Tamil being the oldest and the most important. DRAWBRIDGE. See BRIDGE. DRAWING, the art of representing upon a flat surface the forms of objects, and their positions and relations to each other. The idea of nearness or distance is given by the aid of perspective, fore- shortening, and graduation. The term drawing, in its strict sense, is only ap- plicable to the representing of the forms of objects in outline, with the shading necessary to develop roundness or model- ling. In art, however, the term has
