EXFOLIATION 74 EXHIBITIONS, INDUSTRIAL tensively restored, most of them dating" from the 17th and 18th centuries. The chapel was built in 1857-1858 by Sir Gil- bert Scott. A beautiful secluded garden adds to the attractiveness of the build- ings. EXFOLIATION, in surgery, the pro- cess by which a thin layer or scale of dead bone separates from the sound part. EXHIBITION, a benefaction settled for the maintenance of undergraduates in the universities of England, the Brit- ish colonies, and America. In Scotland such scholarships are called bursaries. EXHIBITIONS, INDUSTRIAL. Modern industrial exhibitions differ from the festivals and fairs of ancient times, of which they are a development, chiefly in the fact that they do not aim at immediate and retail sales, but rather for the purpose of showing the progress of industry and of general advertise- ment. The fair in its manifold aspects of athletic spectacle, and commercial and artistic concourse, is almost as old as civilization itself. The Olympic fes- tivals in Greece brought together mer- chants who exhibited their wares. The great fair of Tailtenn in Ireland was likewise an athletic and commercial fes- tival, the oldest known in northern Europe. Fairs of this multiple charac- ter were known in Egypt and Persia, and seem to have arisen on occasions that brought large numbers of people together, permitting merchants to make exhibition of their wares. Following the usual pathway of civilization, they passed from Greece to Italy and the other countries of Europe, and Charlem.agne appears to have favored the establish- ment of such a fair in the 9th century in his capital of Aix-la-Chapelle. The most considerable of these fairs in Europe are those of Leipzig in Germany and Nizhni Novgorod in Russia, both of them of respectable antiquity. On a smaller scale similar gatherings have long existed in other countries, but the great expansion of modern industry has resulted in an immense development of the idea, and the industrial exhibition, as it is conceived of to-day, greatly differs from its predecessors in its duration, magnitude, and setting. These exhibi- tions now often partake of a national character and are held in the capital or a chief city of the country. Napoleon inaugurated an exhibition in Paris in 1802 which won so much success that similar exhibitions came to be held every three years. Similar exhibitions began to be held in Dublin under the auspices of the Royal Dublin Society, beginning with 1829. The idea had an early vogue in the United States and the American Institute of New York, founded in 1828, initiated a series of industrial exhibi- tions. The St. Louis Exposition, which was first opened in 1883, was modeled on the expositions which had by that date attained a great vogue in France. Side by side with the utilitarian aspect an artistic setting was aimed at and the arts as well as commerce and industry were sought to be represented. These exhibitions then came to be a feature in the commemoration of important events or to serve as a close to some large un- dertaking finally accomplished. Thus the World's Industrial Cotton Culturist Exposition, held in New Orlaens, La., 1883-1884, was followed by the Califor- nia Mid-Winter Exposition, held in San Francisco in 1894. Following these were the Cotton States and Industrial Exposition, held in Atlanta, Ga., 1895; the Tennessee Centennial Exposition, held in Nashville, Tenn., 1897; the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, held in Omaha, Neb., 1898; the Pan-American Exposition, held in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1901; the South Carolina Interstate and West Indies Exposition, held in Charles- ton, S. C, in 1902; the Lewis and Clark Centennial American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair, held in Portland, Ore., 1905; the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, held in Hampton Roads, Va,, 1907; and the Alaska- Yukon Pacific Ex- position, held in Seattle, Wash., in 1909. The first exhibitions that partook on their scale the character of the great in- ternational expositions of recent years were the Society of Arts exhibition, held in London in 1851, and the Paris Inter- national Exposition of 1855. The Lon- don exhibition was visited by 6,039,195 people; there were 13,938 exhibitors; and the receipts amounted to $2,444,718, as against $lj600,000 expenditure. The Paris Exposition was a much more elab- orate affair. It was held in the Champs Elysees in a vast Palais de I'Industrie, 827 feet long by 354 feet wide, designed and solidly built as a home for similar future exhibitions. Round this perma- nent building were grouped other halls devoted to separate arts and industries. It was the greatest and most artistic exposition held up to that date in any country, and almost 5,000,000 people visited it, while the expenditure amount- ed to something like $5,000,000. The next great international exhibition held in London in 1862 left as a perma- nent memorial the great iron and glass building known as the Crystal Palace. The exhibitors numbered 28,653; the visitors 6,211,103; and the expenditure amounted to roughly $5,000,000. All
