F F, f, the sixth letter, and fourth conso- nant of the English langxiage, is a labial or labiodental articulation, being formed by the emission of breath between the lower lip and the upper teeth. It is a surd spirant, the corresponding sonant spirant being V (g. v.). In Anglo-Saxon it was pronounced as v, and it still re- tains that sound in of. It takes its form from the Greek digarama, which had a very similar power. An original f has frequently become v in English words, as vat for fat, vetch for fetch, vixen for fixen. It has also disappeared from many words, as in head (O. Eng. heved) , lord (0. Eng. hlaford), hawk (O. Eng. hafoc), woman (0. Eng. wifman), etc., and in others it has been dropped, as hasty (0. Fr. hastif), jolly (O. Eng. jolif), testy (O. Eng. testif), etc. An f sound is now used in trough, enough, and rough, to represent an original g:uttural. In the plurals of nouns of pure English origin ending in -f or -If, with a preced- ing long vowel (except oo), the f is (1) For the note called parhypate in the Greater Perfect system of the Greeks. The letter name of Frite in the upper tetrachord. (2) The first note of the Eolian mode, or church scale, commencing four notes above the hypo-Eolian. (3) The note called Fa ut in the hexa- chord system. The fourth note in the scale of C. (4) The keynote of the major scale requiring one flat in the signature; and the keynote of the minor scale related to A flat. (5) For the note Fah in the Tonic Sol- fa notation. 4. In Bibical criticism: F for the Codex Augiensis; f (small letter), for the Cursive MSS. 5. In physics: For Fahrenheit, denot- ing that the degree of temperature is according to that scale, as 60° F. 6. In old law : F was branded on felons who were admitted to benefit of clergy. 7. In heraldry: For the Fesse-point, changed into v. In Romance words the f .the central point of the escutcheon remains unchanged, and the plural is formed by adding s. Words ending in -ff or -rf, also form the plural by the addition of s. In Russian the letter f is uniformly used to represent the sound of th, as Feodor for Theodore. F as an initial is used: 1. In music: For forte, to mark that a passage is to be played or sung loudly; ff=fortissimo, when it is to be played or sung very loudly. 2. In distinctions: For Fellow, as F. R. S. = Fellow of the Royal Society. 3. In medicine: For the Latin word Fmt = let it be made. F as a symbol is used: 1. In numerals: For 40, and with a dash over it (F) =40,000. 2. In chemistry: For the non-metallic element, fluorine, and for fluoride — e. g., F = fluorine, KF = potassium fluoride. Sometimes F written with a stroke above is used for formic acid. 3. In music: FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM, an English hymn-writer; born in Calverley, England, June 28, 1814. He was long in the Anglican priesthood, and wrote hymns of singular sweetness and spiritu- ality; going over at last to Rome. Among his most familiar hymns are: "Hark, Hark, My Soul"; "O Paradise! Para- dise!"; "There's a Wideness in God's Mercy"; "Sweet Saviour Bless Us Ere We Go"; etc. He died in the Oratory, Brompton, Sept. 26, 1863. FABER, WILLIAM FREDERIC, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop, born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1860. He graduated from the University of Roches- ter in 1880 and from the Albany Theo- logical Seminary in 1883. In the same year he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and until 1892 was pastor of the First Church of Westfield, N. Y. In the latter year he entered the Protestant Episcopal Chui'ch and served as rector 83
