International Monetary Conference; and as secretary of the conference in 1892. He was a member of the American Economic Association, the American Statistical Association, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science; author of numerous essays on criminology, sociology, etc.; chief of the division of documents in the Library of Congress, and editor of “Annals” of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1890-1900). Commissioner of education, Porto Rico (1904-1907), Statistician U. S. Immigrant Commission (1908-1911), Assistant Director of Census (1911-1912).
FALL, ALBERT BACON, a United States senator from New Mexico, born in Frankfort, Ky., in 1861. He was educated in the country schools. After reading law, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1889, continuing until 1904. He worked as a miner and became interested in mines, lumber, lands, and railroads, acquiring large interests in farming, stock raising, and mining. He served as a member of the New Mexico Legislature and as associate justice of the Supreme Court of New Mexico. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1912 and was again elected in 1913 for the term of 1913-1919. He was re-elected in 1919. In the Senate he gave special attention to the relations of the United States and Mexico, and in 1918-1920 he conducted a series of investigations relating to Mexico and the border States, Arizona and New Mexico. He became Secretary of the Interior on March 4, 1921.
FALL, THE, a term used of the first sin of Adam, and hence often called “the fall of Adam,” with which “original sin” his posterity are held to have had mysteriously to do; on which account we often meet with the term “the fall of man.” The verb “to fall” is often used in a generic sense in Scripture for a lapse into sin (Ezek. xliv: 12, Rom. xiv: 13, I Cor. x: 12, Rev. ii: 5. The substantive is not used equivocally in the same sense. “The Fall” is therefore a theological rather than a scriptural term. According to the Biblical narration, God created man in His own image (Gen. i: 27), like the rest of creation “very good” (i: 31). In the midst of the garden of Eden, in which the first parents of our race were placed, was the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. This they were forbidden to eat on pain of death, all other trees being freely granted them for food (ii: 16-17). Beguiled by the serpent, Eve first yielded, and then, at her persuasion, Adam ate the forbidden fruit (Gen. iii: 1-6); after this they feared to continue communion with God (8-10), had sentence pronounced against them (16-19), and were expelled from the blissful garden (24). In the New Testament it is indirectly hinted that the devil used the serpent as a mouth-piece, whence he is called “that old serpent . . . which deceiveth the whole world” (Rev. xii: 9), and “the dragon that old serpent” (xx: 2), and is said by our Lord to have been “a murderer from the beginning” (John viii: 44).
FALLIÈRES, ARMAND, 8th President of the French Republic. He was born at Mézin, Lot-et-Garonne, in 1841, and after his preliminary education took up the study of law. His first prominent public position was as mayor of Nérac, following on which he was in 1876 elected as member of the Chamber of Deputies, where he sat with the republicans.
ARMAND FALLIÈRES
His career in the chamber showed him to be possessed of much solid talent, and in 1880 he was appointed to act as Undersecretary in the Ministry of the Interior, holding that position during the Ferry administration till the beginning of 1882. After an interval he became, toward the end of the same year, head of the department under Duclerc, becoming in 1883 Minister of Public Instruction in the Ferry administration. When in 1887 Rouvier succeeded, he became Minister of the Interior, and was later (1887-1889) Minister of Justice and Public Instruction under Tirard, holding that position later under Freycinet, who was head of the administration from 1890 to 1892. In 1890 Fal-
