FISHER 14S FISK was born in London in 1865 and was educated at Winchester and Oxford University. He divided his time between politics and educational subjects, and in 1912 became a member of the Commis- sion on the Public Services of India. In 1916 he was elected to represent the Hallam Division of Sheffield in Parlia- ment, and in the same year became President of the Board of Education. His publications include: "The Mediaeval Empire," "Studies in Napoleonic States- manship," "A Political History of Eng- land," Bonapartism," "Life of F. W. Maitland," "The Republican Tradition in Europe," "Political Unions," "Napo- leon Bonaparte," with contributions to many magazines. FISHER, IRVING, an American eco- nomist; born in Saugei'ties, N. Y., in 1867. He graduated from Yale in 1888 and afterward studied in Bei'lin and in Paris. In 1890 he joined the faculty of Yale and became successively assistant professor and professor of political econ- omy, the latter in 1898. From 1896 to 1910 he was editor of the "Yale Review." He was president and director of many important commissions, including the Citizens' Commission on War-Time Pro- hibition, and the National Conservation Commission, appointed by President Roosevelt. In 1917 he was chairman of the board of scientific directors of the Eugenics Record Office. During the campaign of 1920 he was active in sup- port of the League of Nations as a cam- paign issue. He wrote "The Nature of Capital and Income" (1906) ; "The Rate of Interest" (1907) ; "The Purchasing Power of Money" (1911); "Stabilizing the Dollar" (1919). He also contrib- uted numerous articles to magazines. FISHER'S HILL, a lofty eminence, about 20 miles S. of Winchester, Va., between the Massanutten and North Mountains, and with its base washed by a branch of the Shenandoah. This place was the scene of a smart action, Sept. 22, 1864, between a National force under General Sheridan, and one of Confeder- ates commanded by General Early, in which the latter was defeated with the loss of about 1,000 men killed and wounded, over 1,000 prisoners, and 16 guns. Among the killed were Generals Rhodes and Goodwin. The Union casual- ties numbered about 3,000. FISHERY, the business or occupation of catching fish. The word fishery is popularly used in a comprehensive sense ; not merely is there a herring fishery, a salmon fishery, a cod fishery, a pilchard fishery, etc., for catching these genuine fishes, there is a whale fishery for har- pooning the mammals called whales, a crab and lobster fishery for catching those crustaceans, an oyster fishery for obtaining those testaceaus mollusks, as well as a seal fishery for capturing those animals. The great locality for the whale fishery is the polar regions of the N. and S. hemispheres, that for the cod fisheries the banks of Newfoundland, that for the herring fishery the entire E. coast of this country and the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, that for the salmon fishery the rivers of North America and Great Britain. The prac- tice of salting fish was known to the Egyptians about 1351 b. c, or even earlier. Herrings were largely caught in Scotland, as early as the 9th century. The injudicious interference of the gov- ernment drove some of the fishermen to Holland. The fisheries of the United States are superintended by the federal Bureau of Fisheries which is a division of the Department of Commerce. There are also similar bureaus in many States, and extensive hatcheries for propa- gation of various species with which to stock our waters have been established. In 1919 the number of vessels employed in the fishery industry of the United States was estimated at 8,280 of 228,000 tons; the number of persons employed at 188,000; the capital invested at $142,140,000; and value of products at $110,992,000, about one-fifth of the total value of fishery products throughout the world. FISK, CLINTON BOWEN, an Ameri- can soldier and publicist, born in 1828 at Greigsville, N. Y. For some time he was engaged in business in Michigan and then removed to St. Louis. He entered the Union army at the outbreak of the Civil War and in 1865 was brevetted major-general. He devoted the remain- der of his life chiefly to the interests of the negro race and was assistant com- missioner in the Freedmen's Bureau. He was instrumental in founding Fisk Uni- versity. In 1884 he left the Republican party and joined the temperance move- ment. He was Prohibition candidate for Governor of New Jersey in 1886, and for President of the United States in 1888. He died in 1890. FISK, FRANKLIN W., an American educator; born in Hopkinton, Vt., in 1820; was graduated at Yale University in 1849; taught there awhile; then be- came Professor of Rhetoric in the Sem- inary of Beloit, Wis. He was called to the Chicago Theological Seminary when that school was founded in 1859. Sub- sequently he was president of the sem- inarv till 1900 when he resiened. He died" in Chicago, 111., July 4, 1901.
