FOOTBALL 168 FOOTE by, and the Association games, being the most popular. The American Rugby game is played among the colleges, schools, and athletic clubs of the United States. The game is played on a field 360 feet long by 160 feet wide, the bound- aries being marked off with white lines, i|(. END LINE l60Feet FOOTBALL — DIAGRAM OF FIELD OF PLAY Black players about to start play. White players ia defense positions with lines at everv five yards, running across the field. Two goal posts are placed 18 feet 6 inches apart in the mid- dle of each end line. These posts are 20 feet high and have a cross bar 10 feet from the ground. The ball has an oval-shaped leather covering containing an inflated rubber bladder. The foot* ball team consists of 11 men, (1) the center, (2) two guards, (3) two tackles, (4) two halfbacks, (5) two ends, (6) the quarterback, and (7) the fullback. The game is commenced by one team placing the ball on the center of its 40- yard line and kicking it into the oppo- nents' territory. One of the opponents catches it, and runs forward until tackled and thrown. The ball is then put down for scrimmage. The center of the team holding the ball passes it back between his legs to a runner. When the runner is stopped the referee signals "down," and the ball is held. The team is al- lowed four downs, in which it must ad- vance the ball 10 yards or surrender the ball to its opponents. The ball may also be advanced by the forward pass (throw- ing ball toward goal), by punting (drop- ping ball and kicking before it reaches ground), and by drop kicking. The game continues until one team carries the ball over its opponents' goal line. This is called a touchdown, and scores 6 points. One of the team then tries to kick the ball over crossbar and between opponents' goal posts by a direct place kick (kick from where it rests). This kicked goal counts 1 point. The ball is then taken out to the 40-yard line and kicked off again by either team, at loser's option. A goal from field (made — not on kick-off — by place kick or drop kick, 1, e. dropped ball kicked the instant it rises) counts 3 points; a safety (bringing ball over one's own goal), 2 points for oppo- nents. The game is played in four periods of 15 minutes each, with a 1 minute inter- mission, but 15 minutes between halves. The rules are somewhat modified every year, the tendency being to bring about open rather than mass play. The English game (15 men) is more open, more kicking being done, but does not develop team work and interference to any great extent. In the Association (or soccer) game a spherical ball is advanced entirely by kicking or propulsion by head or body, the hands being used only by goal keeper. The team consists of five forwards, three halfbacks, two fullbacks, and a goal keeper. The goals are made by kicking? ball between goal posts, 8 yards apart, and under a bar 8 feet from ground. The game is decided by the number of goals scored. The tendency in recent times has been to make the game faster by bringing every man into full play. FOOTE, AITDREW HULL, an American naval officer; born in New
