FBAUD 205 FREDEBICZ I. assumed in the 13th century by the Franciscans by direction of their foun- der to mark the humble character of their claims. Specifically, one of the names claimed in the 14th century as a monopoly by the section of the Franciscans who re- mained true to the rigid rules of their founder when the majority of the order gradually welcomed some relaxation of their stringency. In 1317 Pope John XXII. ordered their extirpation and many of them were cruelly put to death. FRAUD, in law, all deceitful practices in defrauding or endeavoring to de- fraud another of his known right, by means of some artful device, contrary to the plain rules of common honesty. It is condemned by the common law, and punishable according to the heinousness of the offense. All frauds and deceits for which there is no remedy by the ordinary course of law are properly cognizable in equity, and, indeed, con- stitute one of the chief branches of cases to which the jurisdiction of chan- cery was originally confined. Pious Fraud. — In Church history, a fraud considered to be "pious" because it was planned and carried out for some pious object. From the 1st to the 15th century believers in such frauds existed. Statute of Frauds. — In English law, a statute passed in 1676. Among its complex provisions several enacted that important contracts about land, etc., should be in writing, so as to prevent the perjury which occurred when they had to be proved by parole evidence. This statute has been re-enacted in most of the States of the American Union gen- erally with omissions, amendments, or alterations. When the words of the statute have been used, the construc- tion put upon them has also been adopted. FRAZIER. JAMES B.. a United States senator from Tennessee, born in Pikeville, Tenn., in 1856. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1888 and studied law at that institution. He was admitted to the bar in 1891 and began practice in Chattanooga, Tenn. He was governor of Tennessee from 1903 to 1905, and again from 1905 to 1907. He was elected United States senator in 1905 to fill the unexpired term of Will- iam B. Bate, and resigned as governor in the same year. FREDERIC, HAROLD, an American journalist and novelist; born in Utica, N. Y., Aug. 19, 1856. He was for many years London correspondent of the New York "Times." Among his stories are: "The Lawton Girl"; "The Valley"; "The Vol. IV — Cyc — N Copperhead," a tale of the Civil War; "The Damnation of Theron Ware"; and "March Hares." He died in Hornby, Eng- land, Oct. 19, 1898. FREDERICK, a city and county-seat of Frederick co., Md., on Carroll's creek, and on the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Frederick railroads, 62 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Here are high schools, a convent, the State in- stitution for the deaf and dumb, street railroads, electric lights. National and State banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The city has manufactories of coaches, leather, shoes, knit goods, shirt waists, palmetto, fiber brushes, tobacco, flour, etc. During the Civil War it was twice occupied by the Con- federates. The second time, in 1864, by General Early, who forced the citizens to pay a ransom of $200,000. In 1862 Fed- eral troops under General McClellan oc- cupied the place. Pop. (1910) 10,411; (1920) 11,066. FREDERICK I., surnamed Barba- rossa. Emperor of the Holy Roman Em- pire, son of Frederick, Duke of Suabia; born in 1121, and was chosen to suc- ceed his uncle Conrad III. in 1152. He had accompanied Conrad to Palestine five years previously, and his great quali- ties had already appeared. He was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle a few days after his election. His great ambition was to secure the independence of the empire, and, above all, to be master of Italy. His first expedition to Italy was made in 1154, when, after subduing sev- eral towns in Lombardy, he went to Rome, and, after some delays, had him- self crowned emperor by Adrian IV. He marched a second time into Italy in 1158, took Brescia and Milan, and at the cele- brated diet at Roncaglia assumed the sovereigrnty of the towns and received the homage of the lords. On his return to Germany he triumphed over Bohemia, and made Poland tributary to the empire. After the death of Pope Adrian. Fred- erick had three anti-popes in succession elected in opposition to Alexander III., who excommunicated him and his Pope, Victor. The same year, 1160, he besieged and took Crema, after a most courageous defense. In 1162 he conquered Milan, and had many of the public buildings destroyed, as well as parts of the forti- fications, after which the other towns of Lombardy submitted to him. Fresh re- volts, excited by the tyrannical measures of his ofiicers, recalled him to Italv in 1164; but he retired without engaging the army of the League. Again, there, in 1166. he traversed the Romagna, levied contributions on the towns, be-
