EMERSON ZMMET cf active life — and so realize his own divine personality. With the publication of the first series €f "Essays," 1841, Emerson's leading ideas were almost completely stated. "Self -Reliance" is a development of what had already had briefer statement, espe- cially in the Harvard address. The theme is the direct relation between man and divinity, cutting away dependence upon party, creed, travel, books, worldly ideas of success. In "The Oversoul" we have an amplification of a paragraph in "Self-Reliance," of which the kernel is to the effect that "we lie in the lap of immense intelligence, which makes us organs of its activity and receivers of its truth." The doctrine is Platonic, and is developed on Platonic lines. We live only partially; at times of inspira- tion the soul of the whole comes to life in us, the wise silence, the universal beauty. This universal beauty belongs to the ages; spirit may incarnate itself at any time. Other essays, such as "Circles," "Spiritual Laws," and the like, contain a similar message, always phrased so suggestively as to seem to be said for the first time. Essays on politi- cal relations, such as "History," "Poli- tics," "Experience," teach that all the past, as well as all that Nature gives, meet in the Now of the Soul. Personal- ity is thus the concentration of experi- ence in moments of illumination. Be- cause of his emphagis on personality he seems to neglect the state, oi the con- ception of organized society. He is not sympathetic toward reform; a law is but a memorandum; not riches or terri- tories, but men form the highest end of government; there is danger in "under- taking for another;" only man and the world spirit remain, and their union is the sole value in life. These ideas, and others related to them, were developed in a series of es- says unique for their inspiring idealism. The second series of essays appeared in 1844, followed in 1847 by a volume of poems. His poetry, like his prose, is distinguished for its compactness, its oracular quality, and for its beauty. Many of the poems are miniatures of the essays, and may be attached to them. His chief source of inspiration is Nature, though he also wrote a series of patriotic and anniversary poems that have become justly famous. A volume entitled "Na- ture, Addresses, and Lectures" appeared in 1849, and another collection of lec- tures. "Representative Men," in 1850. He published "English Traits" in 1856; "The Conduct of Life" in 1860. Other collected works, such as "The Natural History of Intellect," the "Journals," and the correspondence with Carlyle, appeared after his death, which toolc place on April 27, 1882. EMERY, HENRY CROSBY, an Amer- ican economist, born at Ellsworth, Me., in 1872. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1892 and took post-graduate courses at Columbia and the University of Berlin. He was instructor and pro- fessor of political economy at Bowdoin from 1894 to 1900, and from 1900 to 1915 was Professor of Political Economy at Yale. From 1909 to 1913 he was chairman of the United States Tariff Board. He was foreign representative of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York from 1916. During the World War he was arrested while traveling in Russia and for some time held prisoner. He wrote "Speculation on the Stock and Produce Exchanges of the United States" (1896); "Politician, Party, and People" (1913). He also contributed many ar- ticles on economic and political questions to various magazines. EMEU. See Emu. EMIGRATION. See Immigration. EMILIA, a compartimento of central Italy, comprising the provinces of Bo- logna, Ferrara, Forli, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna and Reggio Emilia. The name is derived from the ancient Via .(Emilia (a continuation of the Via Flaminia) which passed through these territories. EMINENT DOMAIN, the power to take private property for public use. It is well settled that such power exists only in cases where the public exigency demands its exercise. EMIN PASHA. See ScHNiTZER, Ed- ward. EMIR, or AMIR, a sovereign, a prince. The title was instituted in a. d. 650 by Fatima, the daughter of Moham- med, and was applied to the descendants of the "Prophet." They alone were per- mitted to wear the green turban. In the forms, amir and ameer, it is known in English-speaking countries chiefly in connection with the Ameers of Scinde vanquished by Sir Charles Napier at the battle of Meanee, Feb. 17, 1843, their territory being subsequently annexed to the Anglo-Indian empire. EMMET, ROBERT, an Irish patriot; born in Dublin, in 1778. He was ex- pelled from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1798, on the ground of exciting disaffec- tion and rebellion, and having become an object of suspicion to the government, quitted Ireland. He returned there on the repeal of the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and became a mem-
