PROTHINGHAM 226 FBY (1915) ; and "Handbook of War Facts and Peace Problems" (1918), FROTHINGHAM, OCTAVITJS BBOOES, an American clergyman; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1822. His radical views led to the resignation of his pastorate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, Mass. He preached in Jersey City in 1855-1859; then organized the Third Unitarian Church in New York City, where he preached very radical and advanced views till the dissolution of the Church in 1879. The remainder of his life was devoted to travel and literary pursuits, his home being in Boston. His works include: Stories from the Old Testament"; The Religion of Human- ity"; "The Cradle of the Christ"; "Mem- oir of W. H. Channing"; "The Safest Creed"; "Beliefs of the Unbelievers"; "Creed and Conduct"; "The Rising and the Setting Faith"; "Transcendentalism in New England"; "Recollections and Impressions"; etc. He died in Boston, Nov. 27, 1895. FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY (frod), an English historian; born in Darting- ton, Devonshire, England, April 23, 1818. In the beginning of the Tracta- rian controversy he was a close friend of Newman, and was a contributor to the Lives of the English Saints." He took orders in the Anglican Church (1844). Among his works may be men- tioned: "Luther: A Short Biography" (1833) ; "Shadows of a Cloud" (1847) ;
- 'Nemesis of Faith" (1848) ; "History of
England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth" (12 vols. 1850- 1870) ; "Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish Character" (1867); "The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century" (3 vols. 1872); "C«sar: A Sketch" (1879) ; Thomas Carlyle" (1882) ; "Spanish Story of the Armada" (1892). He was the successor of Ed- ward A. Freeman in the Professorship of Modem History at Oxford. He died in London, Oct. 20, 1894. FRTJCTIDOR, the name given in October, 1793, by the French (!onven- tion to the 12th month of the republican year. It commenced on Aug. 18, and ended on Sept. 16, and was the third summer month. FRUIT, in botany, a term applied to the ripened ovary and its contents, quite regardless of their being eatable or otherwise. In many instances, there are additions to the ovary in the form of the remains of some or all of the other parts of the flower. In the strawberry, the calyx remains, and is converted into a succulent substance, or that part of the fruit which is eaten. In the apple, both the caljrx and the corolla are converted into fruit. The pineapple is composed of all the parts entering into the com- position of the ovary, namely, bracts, calyx, corolla and ovary. The orange is a largely developed ovary, containing the seeds, and a succulent mass in which the refreshing juice is placed. Fruit is divided into two distinct parts, the seed and the pericarp, or investing substance. The pericarp is composed of three parts, or layers, one within the other. For example, the pericarp of the apple con- sists of an external layer, or skin, epi- carp; the internal layer, endocarp; and the fleshy substance, sarcocarp, lying be- tween them. Thus, the outer skin is the epicarp, the pulpy substance the sarco- carp, and the tough, thick covering to the seeds, the endocarp. The same re- lation is found in stone fruit, the shell of the nut being the endocarp. The epi- carp, or outward covering, is less sub- ject to variation than other parts; but the sarcocarp and endocarp assume every variety of form and consistence. The most common forms of fruit are, the pomum or apple, the drupe or peach, and plum; the glans, as the acorn; the pineapple, the fruit of which is a scaly berry, surmounted by a crown of spi- nous leaves. The legume, or pea; the siliqua, or pod, as in the mustard; and the bacca, or common currant, goose- berry, etc. FRY, SIR EDWARD. British lawyer. He was born at Bristol, Eng., in 1827, and was educated at Bristol College and University College, London. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1854, and became Queen's Council and Bencher of Lin- coln's Inn in 1869. He presided over the Royal Commission on the Irish Lord Acts in 1897-1898; was Conciliator in the S. Wales Colliery Dispute in 1898; Chairman of the Departmental Commit- tee on the Patent Laws in 1900; Arbi- trator between the United States and Mexico in the Pious Funds case 1902, and Ambassador Extraordinary and First British Plenipotentiary to the Hague Peace Conference in 1907. He was successively Judge of the High Court, of the Chancery Division, and of Appeal. He died in 1918. His works include: "The Doctrine of Election"; "Treatise on the Specific Performance of Contracts"; "British Mosses"; "Stud- ies by the Way." FRY, ELIZABETH (GURNEY), an English philanthropist and prison re- former; born in Earlham, Norfolk, Eng- land, May 21, 1780. Brought up a Quaker by her family, she did not adapt her mode of life to that prescribed by the more orthodox of the sect till 1798, being
