ENDOR ENDOB, a village of Palestine, 4 miles S. of Tabor; a poor mud hamlet. It was the place which Saul visited (I Sam. xxviii : 7), to consult the "woman with a familiar spirit" previous to his fatal engagement with the Philistines. ENDYMION (-diml-on), a shepherd, son of uEthlios and Calyce. It is stated that he asked Jupiter to grant him to be always young, and to sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb, "to sleep the sleep of Endymion." Diana, or the moon, saw him unclothed as he slept on Mount Latmos, and became enamored of his great beauty, coming down from heaven every night to visit him. ENEMY, one who is unfriendly or hostile to another; one who hates or dis- likes; a hostile army or force; the great adversary of mankind, the devil. According to ancient military usage, the utmost cruelty was lawful toward enemies. In modern times more humane principles prevail, and men recognize that, by taking up arms against one an- other in public war, they do not cease on this account to be moral beings, and re- sponsible to one another and to God. Warfare is now carried on subject to certain general rules, which are intended to abridge the calamities of war, and to protect the rights of individuals. An ad- mirable summary of these rules may be found in the "Instructions for United States Armies," issued in 1863. In 1874 an International Conference, held in Brussels, devoted much time to the elab- oration of rules for military warfare. The Institute of International Law, at its meeting at Oxford, in 1880, prepared and adopted a "Manual of the Laws of War on Land," in which minute rules for the conduct of hostilities are set forth. Military necessity admits of all direct destruction of life or limb of armed ene- mies, and of other persons where destruc- tion is unavoidable; it allows of all de- struction of property, and obstruction of the way^ and channels of traffic, and of all withholding of sustenance or means of life from the enemy. Such military necessity does not, however, admit of cruelty, nor of maiming or wounding ex- cept in fight, nor of the use of poison in any way, nor of the wanton devastation of a district. It admits of deception, but disclaims all acts of perfidy. In the case of the occupation of a country by the en- emy, the persons of the inhabitants, es- pecially of women, are respected, and the maxims of religion and morality are ac- knowledged. Private property, unless forfeited by crimes, can be seized only on the ground of military necessity; if the proprietor has not fled receipts are usu- ally given, which enable the spoliated Vol. IV — Cyc— A 12 ENFIELD owner to obtain indemnity. Trade between the subjects of two hostile powers is abso- lutely suspended during hostilities unless permitted by express sanction, and the importation of articles particularly use- ful in war is contraband. All such mate- rial, whether supplied by subjects of the enemy or of another state, is seized and confiscated. In the World War (1914- 1918) the English courts held that an enemy alien residing in England could defend an action brought against him, but an interned enemy subject could not. The Germans allowed an enemy alien residing in the Empire access to the Ger- man courts, but not those living in other countries. In France some of the lower courts allowed enemy aliens to take action and some did not. In April, 1916, the French Court of Appeal upheld this right. In the United States alien en- emies had access to the courts as freely as citizens. ENERGETICS, that branch of science which investigates the laws relating to physical or mechanical forces, as opposed to vital. It thus comprehends the con- sideration of the whole range of physical phenomena. ENERGY, the power that a body or system possesses of doing work; a term in physics. There is no manifestation of energy apart from matter. There are two main types of energy: Energy of motion (kinetic energy), and energy of position (potential energy). Currents of air or of water possess kinetic energ:y; a stone resting on the brow of a cliff, and water at the edge of a fall, possess poten- tial energy. There is energy of visible motion and energy of position in visible arrangements of bodies, as in the bullet moving upward or downward, or at rest at its highest position. A bullet project- ed vertically upward possesses a great amount of energy. The higher it rises the less resistance can it overcome; and having reached the highest it can attain, it seems incapable of doing work, yet it will gradually acquire speed in the down- ward direction, and will finally (the re- sistance of the air being neglected) reach the ground with the same speed it had at first, and is thus capable of doing the same amount of work. When at its highest position and seemingly incapable of doing work, it really possesses energy as at first. A bent spring possesses po- tential energy. ENFIELD, a town of Connecticut, in Hartford co. It is on the Connecticut river, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad. Its industries include carpet factories, brick works, and the manufacture of filter presses, under-
