GALLEON 247 GALLICAN CHURCH GALLEON, a name given by the Spaniards to a very large kind of a ves- sel, with three masts and three or four decks, such as those used by them in their commerce with South America, to trans- port the precious metals. They were large clumsy, square-sterned vessels that could make only slow progress under the most favorable conditions. GALLEY. (1) A low, flat-built vessel with one or more rows or banks of oars, said to have been invented by the Corin- thians in 700 B. c. The biremes, tri- remes, quinqueremes, etc., were galleys having so many banks of oars — two, three, five, etc. The pentecontori had 50 oars in a single tier. (2) A clinker-built boat for ship's use, from 28 to 36 feet long, and with a beam equal to one-fifth of its length. It is light and sharp, carrying from 10 to 12 oars, and is used for speedy rowing on expeditions. It usually has six alternate oars rowed by a picked crew. (3) An open boat used on the Thames by English custom house officers, river police, and formerly by press gangs, etc. (4) The cook house on board ship, which is on deck, or in a forward part of the vessel. In distilling, a gallery furnace. In printing, an oblong tray which receives matter from the 3omposing-stick, and on which it is ar- ranged in a column or page. The galley sometimes has a groove to admit a false bottom, called a galley slice. GALLFLY, or GALLWASP, names generally applied to any member of a large family {Cynipidse) of hymenopter- ous insects, most of the females of which lay their eggs in plants and by the as- sociated irritation produce galls. The in- sects are not unlike little wasps with straight, thread-like antennse, laterally compressed abdomen, and long wings. The eggs are laid in the leaves, twigs, roots, etc., of plants, which the mothers pierce with their ovipositors. The irri- tation of the wound and of the intruded and rapidly developing eggs results in pathological excrescences or galls. Within these the larvse feed and grow, and either eat their way out while still grubs or remain till the pupa stage is past and emerge as adolescent insects. While most produce true galls, some members of the family act like cuckoos and util- ize galls already formed by other genera. Others again depart more widely from the general habit and deposit their ova in other insects. The genera Cynips, Aphilotrix, Andrimis, Neurotems, Spa- thegaster, Biorhiza all form galls on oaks; Rhodite-i is the cause of mossy ex- crescences on rose bushes. Among those which utilize already formed galls, Sy- nergus and Aidax are important genera; while Ibalia, Figites, Eucoila, and the minute species of Allotria are in their youth parasitic on other insects, such as flies and plant-lice. Among the com- mon gall wasps Cynips quercusfolii makes the cherry-galls of oak leaves; C. tinctoria produces the well-known ink- gall of the Levantine oak; Rhodites rosse forms the curious and familiar Bedeguar on wild roses. GALLICAN CHURCH, the distinctive title of the Roman Catholic Church in France. It is the Church of France, considered less in relation to geographi- cal boundaries than in its constitution and principles of church government The Christian faith was widely diflTused in France or Gaul, even during the life- time of the apostles; and it especially flourished among the descendants of the Greek colonies of the S., and in the numerous towns and cities on the Rhone and its confluent rivers. The Church of Gaul numbers several eminent names in the literature of the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries. The works of Irenseus, Bishop of Lyons, are among the most important for the history of doctrine of all the early patristic remains; and in the fol- lowing century Sulpicius Severus, Hil- ary of Poitiers, Hilary of Aries, Vincent of Lerins, Prosper, Victor, Eucherius, Salvian, and Gregory of Tours combine to form a body of literature of which the later modern representatives of the French Church are reasonably proud. The hierarchical organization also of the Church of Gaul was, at a very early period, among the most complete and reg-ular throughout the churches of Western Christendom. The Galljcan Church underwent very extensive modi- flcations at the close of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, not merely by the enactment of what was called the "civil constitution of the clergy," and which introduced into the constitution of the Church a large infusion of the Pres- byterian, and even the Congregational element, but by the concordat of Pius VII. with Bonaparte as First Consul, which reduced the number of sees, di- minished the number of festivals, and confirmed the suppression of the ancient religious establishments, and confisca- tion of the church property. Under the Third Republic successive French Gov- ernments became more and more aggres- sive in their attitude toward the Church. This attitude eventually led to the suppression of the religious congre- gations, the confiscation of their prop- erty, and the repeal of the Concordat, absolutely separating Church and State. As a result of the World War, however,
