GARAYE 257 GARCIA on the Luye river; 2,424 feet above sea- level, among vine-clad slopes, 47 miles S. E. of Grenoble. It has a cathedral (rebuilt since 1866), and some manufac- tures of silk and cotton fabrics, and hats. The ancient Vapincum, it was formerly a fortress of some importance, and gave the title of Gapencois to the surrounding district of Dauphine. Pop. about 11,000. GARAYE (g&-ra'), LA, a ruined chateau in Brittany, 2 miles from Dinan. Its last owners, Claude Toussaint and his countess, in the first half of the 18th century converted it into a hospital. GARBAGE, DISPOSAL OF. The question of the proper disposal of gar- bage and refuse has been one of the most important problems of municipal life. In the United States, the term garbage is used to designate kitchen waste of animal or vegetable origin, incident to the preparation and serving of food. Aside from household wastes, there are various classes of trade and manufac- turing refuse, such as paper, rags, and shavings. It is the custom to keep or- ganic and inorganic wastes in separate receptacles. Ashes are the chief inor- ganic substances, but no practical meth- od has been found for their use, except as a filling. Garbage collection in large cities is undertaken by the city. A rela- tively small number of cities and towns have adopted thoroughly modern sani- tary methods of garbage and refuse disposal. The first garbage furnaces used to in- cinerate garbage, were installed in Great Britain. The first furnace in the United States built for a city was in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1887. Furnaces are of various types. Most of them are con- structed upon English models. The sorting of refuse has come to be highly specialized in some cities of the United States. The first city to install a well equipped refuse sorting plant was Boston. In sorting, the refuse is brought to a station, dumped and shov- eled into an inclined conveyor from which are sorted the various grades of paper, rags, and other kinds of mer- chantable refuse. The remainder is dumped automatically into a furnace and burned. There are refuse sorting plants at Buffalo, Pittsburgh, New York, and other cities. Garbage reduction is intended to re- cover grease and fertilizing material from animal and vegetable waste, while at the same time sanitary means are afforded for final disposal. The equip- ment required is somewhat elaborate, and includes tanks, dryers, grinding mills, and other apparatus. Many cities have municipal reduction plants. These include Cleveland, Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Buffalo, N. Y.; New York City; and other cities. Following the World War the utiliza- tion of garbage by feeding to hogs in- creased rapidly in the United States. The cities of Baltimore, Newark, Buf- falo, and St. Louis changed from reduc- tion to hog feeding, in 1919. In many other cities this method was used in disposing of garbage. GARBOARD STRAKE, or GAR- BOARD STREAK, in shipbuilding, the range of planks nearest to the keel. In the merchant service, the rabbet to re- ceive the garboard strake is made along the upper edge of the keel. In the navy, a groove is made half-way down the keel to receive the garboard strake. GARCIA, CALIXTO (gar-the'a) , a Cuban patriot; born in Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836; and took up the profession of law. In 1868, with Donato del Marmol and Carlos Ma- nuel Cespedes, he organized the revo- lution which has since been called the "Ten Years' War." Early in that struggle the Cubans won great success and captured many towns. In recog- nition of his services Garcia was appointed a Brigadier-General under Gomez, and subsequently succeeded that officer as commander-in-chief of the Cuban army. In 1873 he was captured and sent to Spain, where he was par- doned in 1878. Returning to Cuba, he again took up arms against Spain in what is known as the "Little War." Later he was forced to surrender and a second time sent to Madrid, where for 17 years he remained under the espion- age of the police. He escaped in Septem- ber, 1895, and took passage for New York. On Jan. 26, 1896, he led a suc- cessful filibustering expedition to Cuba. Later, while planning a second expedi- tion, he was arrested by United States Government officers, gave bail, which he forfeited, and again landed in Cuba. When Santiago was taken by the Ameri- cans in 1898 he withdrew from the Cuban army because he was not given the com- mand of that city. Subsequently, how- ever, he accepted the new conditions. In November, 1898, he was sent to the United States as chairman of a commis- sion authorized to lay before President McKinley the wishes of the Cuban lead- ers, but before accomplishing this duty he died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 11, 1898. His remains received official and military honors in Washington. GARCIA. MANUEL (gar-the'a), a Spanish vocalist and composer; born in Seville, Spain, Jan. 22, 1775. After ac-
