GARFIELD 261 GARHMUKHTESAB Chester, 0., learned the trade of a car- penter during vacations, and was able to support himself in school from that time by his own exertions. In 1851 he entered an institute at Hiram, O. (now Hiram College), and went thence in 1854 to Williams College, and graduated in 1856. In 1857 he was made president of Hiram College, where he won reputa- tion as an educator. In 1859 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate. In 1861 he was commissioned lieutenant- colonel of the 42d regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and was made a Brigadier in a few months. During the war he distinguished himself more or less at Middle Creek, Shiloh, Corinth, and Chickamauga. In 1863 he left the army to enter Congress, declining the offer of JAMES A. GARFIELD a division command under Thomas. He remained in Congress 16 years. In 1880 he was elected United States Senator from Ohio, but in June the Republican National Convention nominated him to the presidency, and he was elected in November. A controversy arose early in his administration over the Federal offices in New York, especially the of- fice of collector of the port of New York City, which led to the resignation from the United States Senate of Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt, of New York, after a bitter and heated contest in the Senate over the confirmation of Garfield's appointees. On July 2, 1881, when passing through the Baltimore and Potomac passenger station in Wash- ington, in company with Mr. J. G. Blaine, to go on board a train, Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a dis- appointed office-seeker. Garfield lived till Sept. 19, being cared for in a seaside residence at Elberon, N. J. His funeral was a state affair of great solemnity and pomp. A beautiful monument was raised over his remains in a cemetery overlooking Lake Erie, at Cleveland, O. GARFIELD, JAMES RUDOLPH, an American public official. Born at Hiram, Ohio, in 1865, the son of President Gar- field, of the United States. After graduating from Williams College in 1885, he studied law at Columbia Uni- versity and was admitted to the bar in 1888. After serving as a member of the Ohio Senate he became in 1903, Commissioner of Corporations in the United States Department of the In- terior. In 1907 President Roosevelt ap- pointed him Secretary of the Interior, a position he held until the close of Roosevelt's administration. He took a prominent part in formulating and carrying out the President's conservation policies. Upon leaving the cabinet he took up the practice of law in Cleveland, Ohio. GARFISH, SEAPIKE, or GARPIKE (Belcme vulgaris), a fish, known also as the sea needle, making its appearance a short time before the mackerel in their annual visit for spawning. It is long and slender, sometimes 2 or 3 feet in length. The name garfish, or garpike, is also given to other species of Belcme, and to a ganoid fish of the genus Lepidosteus, found in the fresh waters of America. GAR GANG (gar-ga'no) (ancient Garganus), a mountainous peninsula, the "spur" of Italy, in the province of Foggia, jutting out about 30 miles into the Adriatic Sea, and attaining in Monte Calvo a height of 3,460 feet. Bee-keeping is yet as generally engaged in as in the time of Horace. The district is visited mainly by pilgrims to a shrine of St. Michael on Monte St. Angelo. GARGARA (gar'ga-ra) (Turkish Kasdagh), the highest mountain of the ridge of Ida, in Asia Minor, near the Gulf of Adramyti, on the N. GARGIL, or GARGOLS, a distemper in geese, affecting the head. GARGOYLE, GARGOIL. or GUR- GOYLE (French ffargonille^the wea- sand of the throat), in architecture, a quaintly-formed head of a man or ani- mal, employed as a decorative spout for the rain water from a roof. GARHMUKHTESAR (gur-mok-tes' ur), an ancient town in the Northwest
