III. signed Buckingham's death warrant. Oliver Cromwell here, May 13, 1643, won his first success; but the town's greatest glory is Sir Isaac Newton, who, during 1655-1656, attended its grammar school. A bronze statue of him by Theed was erected in 1858. The school was founded by Bishop Fox in 1528. The manufacture of agricultural implements, malting, and brick-making are the chief industries. Grantham was incorporated by Edward IV. in 1463. The borough boundary was largely extended in 1879. Pop. about 20,000.
GRANVILLE (gron-vēl'), a seaport in the department of La Manche, France, on a rocky promontory on the English Channel, 23 miles N. E. of St. Malo. The 15th-century church and a hydrographic college are the principal institutions. The town was captured by the French in 1450, and the English in 1695, and unsuccessfully besieged by the Vendéans in 1793, and the English in 1803. Pop. about 12,000.
GRANVILLE, EARL See Carteret.
GRANVILLE, GEORGE LEVESON-GOWER, 2nd EARL, an English statesman; born in London, May 11, 1815; educated at Eton and Oxford, and entered Parliament in 1836 as member for Morpeth, exchanging that seat for Lichfield in 1840. He succeeded to the peerage in 1846, and five years later entered the cabinet of Lord John Russell, holding the seals of the Foreign Office. From that time forward he held office in every Liberal ministry. He became president of the Council in 1853, and leader of the
House of Lords in 1855. He labored arduously in connection with the great exhibitions of 1851 and 1862. Lord Granville was charged to form a ministry in 1859; but having failed to do so he joined Lord Palmerston's second administration. He retired with Earl Russell in 1866, having the preceding year been made Lord Warden of the Cmque Ports. In December, 1868, he was appointed Colonial Secretary in Mr. Gladstone's first ministry, and on the death of Lord Clarendon in 1870 became Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He arranged the treaty between England, France, and Prussia guaranteeing the independence of Belgium; and confirmed with Prince Gortchakoff the agreement that Afghanistan should form an intermediary zone between England and Russia. In 1880 he again became foreign secretary under Mr. Gladstone, and displayed considerable diplomatic skill in matters relating to the Berlin treaty, the occupation of Tunis, and the revolt of Arabi Pasha in Egypt. He retired with his chief in 1885, but returned once more to office as colonial secretary in 1886, resigning again with his colleagues in August of the latter year. He died in London, March 31, 1891.
GRAPE, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, or the plant itself. The native country of the vine is the region round the Caspian Sea, extending through Armenia as far W. as the Crimea. It has been cultivated from the remotest antiquity (Gen. ix: 20). It flourishes in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Bear's grape is Vacciniuni arctostaphylos, also Arctostaphylos tiva iirsi; the Corinth grape is the black Corinth variety of Vitis vinifera, the one which furnishes
dried currants; the sea-grape is Ephedrr. distachya, also Sargassum baccifenan; and the seaside grape Coccoloba uvifera.
GRAPHITE, a hexagonal mineral, crystallizing in flat six-sided tables. Color, iron-black to dark steel gray, with a metallic luster and a black shining streak. Composition: Carbon, either pure with an admixture of iron, or occasionally of silica, alumina, and lime. It is popularly called black lead, though there is no lead in its composition. The product is used for the manufacture of pencils, lubricants, paint, stove blacking, crucibles, and foundry facings. The chief sources of supply are Ceylon, and, prior to the World War, Austria-Hungary. It is also found in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and other countries. The production in the United States in 1919 was about 7,434.-000 pounds, valued at $696,000. This came chiefly from Alabama, New York, and Pennsylvania.
GRAS, FELIX, a Provencal poet; born in Malemort, France, May 3, 1844; became a lawyer and "juge de paix" in the department of Vaucluse, and one of the leading Provencal writers, standing next in popular estimation to Mistral. His most famous works are: the "The Reds of the Midi," and its sequel, "The Terror," stories of the French Revolution, translated into English by Mrs. T. A. Janvier: "Li Carbounie" (1876); "Toloza" (1882), epic poems; "Lou Roumancero Prouvengau" (1887), shorter
poems; "Li Papalino" (1891), Avignon stories. He was editor of the "Armana Prouvengau," a literary annual; and after 1891, the "Capoulie," or official head, of the "Fdlibrige," the society of Provencal men of letters. He died in Avignon, March 4, 1901.
GRASS, the botanical order Graminaceæ, a very extensive and important
