GREGORIAN CHANT 403 GREGORY rector of churches in Kentucky and Rhode Island. In 1888 he was appointed rector of St. Bartholomew's Church in New York and served until 1904. He was elected Bishop Coadjutor for New York in 1903; and in 1908, following the death of Bishop Potter, he was made Bishop of New York. He died in 1919. He wrote "Moral Power of History" (1890) ; "The Preacher and His Place" (1895); "Visions" (1898). GREGORIAN CHANT, or TONES (Latin cantus Gregoriantis) , the name given to certain choral melodies intro- duced into the service of the early Chris- tian Church by Pope Gregory the Great, and still forming the basis of cathedral music. By the Gregorian tones, or modes {toni, modi) of Gregory, must be under- stood a certain melodious formula, made out of the union of a perfect fifth and a perfect fourth, or their inversion, to give the Church song greater variety. All the old writers agree as to the dia- tonic genus of the Gregorian tones, but they do not all agree as to the number of the tones: some counting 14, others 12, while in some old Roman choral books there are only 11. GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (greg-o-ro've-6s) , a German historian and poet; born in Neidenburg, East Prussia, Jan. 19, 1821. He studied at Konigsberg and at home, and wrote es- says of deep scholarship; "Socialistic Elements in Goethe's Wilhelm Meister"; a tragedy, "The Death of Tiberius"; "Corsica"; books of travel and descrip- tion, based on close personal study; also "Euphorion," an epic, and other poems of high repute. But his historical works, of unsurpassed learning and vivid reali- zation of the spirit of their time, are the most commanding monument of his genius. "The City of Rome in the Mid- dle Ages," "Lucretia Borgia," "Urban VIII.," "The Monuments of the Popes," and "Athenais," need but be named. He died in Munich, May 1, 1891. GREGORY, the name of a number of popes. Gregory I., surnamed the Great, a Pope; born in Rome, about 544. He showed such abilities as a senator that the Emperor Justinus appointed him pre- fect of Rome, after which he embraced the monastic life in a society founded by himself. Pope Pelagius II. sent him as nuncio to Constantinople, and on his re- turn made him apostolical secretary. He was elected successor to that pontiff in 590. Pope Gregory was pious and chari- table, had lofty notions of the papal au- thority, was a reformer of the clerical discipline, and after his death was can- onized. His works are comprised in four volumes. He died in 604. Gregory II., St., succeeded Constan- tine in the pontificate in 715, and died in 731. Gregory III., a native of Syria, suc- ceeded Gregory II. He sent legates to Charles Martel to demand succor against the Lombards, which embassy is con- sidered to be the origin of the apostolical nuncios in France. Died in 741. Gregory IV,, a Roman, succeeded Val- entine in 828, and was greatly esteemed for his learning and piety. Died in 844. Gregory V., a German, and a kinsman of the Emperor Otho, succeeded John XV., in 996. An anti-pope, named John XVI., was set up against him by Cres- centius, a consul of Rome, but was ex- pelled by the emperor. Died in 999. Gregory VI., a Roman, succeeded John XIX., who finding the lands and revenues of his church greatly diminished by usur- pations, and the roads infested by rob- bers, acted with such vigor that a power- ful party was raised against him by those who had been accustomed to live by plun- der. At a council held at Sutri in 1046 Gregory abdicated the pontificate. Died in Cologne, about 1048. Gregory VII., Hildebrand, son of a carpenter; born in Soano, Tuscany, about 1020. He was the friend and counsellor of Leo IX. and the four succeeding Popes, and on the death of Alexander II. was elected to succeed him in 1073. He ob- tained confirmation in his election from the Emperor Henry IV., and immediately applied himself zealously to reform sim- ony and the licentiousness of the clergy. In his view, however, marriage, no less than concubinage, was a sin in them. He menaced the emperor and the King of France, the latter without effect. In 1074 he assembled a council, by which it was forbidden the prelates to receive investiture of a layman; and this was the first step in the quarrel with the em- peror, which lasted so many years. Henry, disregarding the papal authoi-ity, was summoned to Rome; but he held a diet at Worms, and pronounced the depo- sition of the Pope. To this Gregory replied by procuring the deposition of the emperor and the election of an- other, Rudolph of Suabia. ^ Henry now promised submission; and in the early winter of 1077 went with his wife and child to Italy. The Pope was at the cas- tle of Canossa, and there, after keeping the penitent Emperor of Germany three days waiting at the gate, he received him and gave him absolution. The terms im- posed on him were intolerable, and he soon broke them, made war on Rudolph, and defeated him, set up a rival Pope in
