HADES 438 HAECKEL HADES (ha'dez), in Homer the Greek word Ades figures as the name of a god, in large measure corresponding to the Roman Pluto. After Homer it becomes a place to which the dead go. Both Greeks and Romans supposed the infer- nal regions to be in the center of the earth. To enter these, in the Roman opinion, the river Styx had to be crossed by the spirits of the dead, Charon, the ferryman, for a small sum, rowing the boat. If, by any misfortune the body had been unburied, the soul had to wan- der 100 years on the banks of the Styx before it was taken across. Pluto was the king of the spirit world. Rhada- manthus its most noted judge. In the Jewish belief, the place of the dead; the Hebrew sheol, which occurs 65 times in the Hebrew Bible, and in 61 of them is rendered in the Septuagint Hades. In the Authorized Version of the English Bible it is translated in the Old Testament 31 times by "grave," 31 times by "hell," and 3 times by "pit." The an- cient Hebrews conceived of Sheol as sit- uated below, so that souls had to "go down" or descend before entering it. In Christian doctrine, one of the two words rendered in the Authorized Ver- sion by the ambiguous term Hell (g. v.). HADING, JANE (a-dan'), a French actress; born in Marseilles, France, Nov. 25, 1859. She went on the stage in early childhood, and toured the United States in 1885 and 1896. Her best roles are in such pieces as "The Forge Mas- ter"; "Marriage"; etc. HADLEIGH (had'li), a quaint old market-town of Suffolk, England, on the Bret, QVz miles W. of Ipswich. Its chief buildings are the brick Rectory Tower (1495) and the noble parish church, with a spire 135 feet high. Formerly, from 1331, an important seat of the cloth trade, Hadleigh was the scene of the death of the Danish king Guthrum (889), of the martyrdom of Dr. Rowland Taylor (1555), and of the great confer- ence (1833) out of which grew the "Tracts for the Times," and at which Newman, Hurrell Froude, Trench, and Rose, the then rector, were present. HADLEY, ARTHUR TWINING, an American educator; born in New Haven, Conn., April 23, 1856; was graduated at Yale College in 1876; studied at the Uni- versity of Berlin; was Professor of Po- litical Science at Yale University in 1886-1899 and was then elected its presi- dent. He resigned in 1920. He is the author of "Economics, an Account of the Relations Between Private Property and Public Welfare"; "Railroad Trans- portation, Its History and Laws"; and "Report on the System of Weekly Pay- ments"; "Freedom and Responsibility" 1903) ; "The Standard of Public Moral- ity" (1907) ; "Undercurrents in Ameri- ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY can Politics" (1915). Chairman of Rail- road Securities Commission (1910). HADLEY, HENRY K., an American musician and composer, born at Somer- ville, Mass., in 1871. He studied music in Boston and in Europe. In 1895 he was ap- pointed instructor in music in St. Paul's School, Garden City, L. I. He composed over 150 songs and pieces of music for the piano, as well as overtures, sym- phonies, chamber music, and other mu- sical forms. He won many prizes for excellence in musical composition, and composed the operas "Azora" and Bi- anca." He was a member of the Na- tional Institute of Arts and Letters. HAECKEL, ERNST HEINRICH, a distinguished German naturalist; born in Potsdam, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1834. He studied natural science and medicine at Wiirzburg, Berlin, and Vienna under Miiller, Virchow, and KoUiker. After working for a while at Naples and Mes- sina, he became a privatdocent in the University of Jena in 1861, a professor extraordinary in 1862, and an ordinary Professor of Zoology in 1865. His fmrely scientific works have been trans- ated into many languages. His popular books include: "On the Division of La- bor in Nature and Human Life" (1869) ; "On the Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race" (1870); "Life in the Great Marine Animals" (1870); "The Calcareous Corals," (1873); "The Sys- tem of the Medusa" (1880) ; "The Rid- dle of the Universe" (1902). A supple-
