HAMILTON 456 HAMILTON great influence in bringing the States to accept the Constitution, and became the leader of the Federalist party. He was made the first Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. He was by this time ranked with Washington, Jefferson, and Franklin, as one of the four great Americans of his day. His position as the leader of the Federalist party brought him into conflict with Jefferson and Monroe, but he neverthe- less supported Jefferson in the election contest between him and Burr in the House of Representatives, and partly by his influence Burr was defeated. He became inspector-general of the army in 1798. He was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which, in 1800, he became President-General. In 1804 he exerted his influence to de- feaft Aaron Burr, who was a candidate for governor of New York. Burr chal- lenged Hamilton to a duel, in which he was mortally wounded by Burr's first fire, and died the following day, July 11, 1804. HAMILTON, COSMO, an English dramatist and novelist. His first ap- prenticeship was in journalism, and after holding various positions became editor of the "London World." When the war broke out he was gazetted as sub- lieutenant, R. N. A. S. His works in- clude: Novels — "Adam's Clay"; "Brum- mell"; "The Blindness of Virtue"; "Duke's Son"; "The Miracle of Love"; plays— "The Wisdom of Folly"; "A Sense of Humor"; "The Mountain Climber"; "Bridge"; "Arsene Lupin"; "Mrs. Skeffington"; "The Blindness of Virtue." HAMILTON, LADY EMMA, born Amy Lyon, an English adventuress; born probably in Ness, Cheshire, Eng- land, April 26, 1763. She had had three places in London, had boi-ne two children to a navy captain and a baronet, and had posed as Hygeia in a quack-doctor's "Temple of Health," when in 1782 she accepted the protection of the Hon. Charles Greville (1749-1809), to ex- change it in 1786 for that of his uncle, Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803). After five years at Naples, in 1791 she was married at Marylebone Church to her elderly ambassador, and, returning to Italy, was straightway admitted to the closest intimacy by Maria Caroline, the queen of Ferdinand I. Her "emi- nent services" to the British fleet during 1796-1798 in furnishing information and procuring supplies were extolled by Lord Nelson and vaunted by herself. Nelson had first met her in 1793; and gradually Platonic friendship ripened to guilty passion, till, four ror^nths after the trio's return to England, she gave birth to a daughter (1801-1881), "our beloved Horatia," so Nelson writes of her in a holograph letter to "my own dear Wife, in my eyes and the face of Heaven." Her credulous husband's death, followed four years later by Nel- son's, left Emma mistress of $10,000 a year; but by 1808 she was owing $90,000, and in 1813 was arrested for debt. Next year she escaped to Calais, where she died in penury, Jan. 15, 1815. HAMILTON, FRANK HASTINGS, an American surgeon; born in Wilming- ton, Vt., Sept. 10, 1813. He was grad- uated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1833, and first practiced in Auburn, N. Y. In 1844 he went to Buffalo, and, with Dr. Austin Flint and Dr. James Piatt White, established the medical department of the University of Buffalo. He removed to Brooklyn in 1860, and was the first Professor of Surgery in the Long Island College Hospital. In 1861 he went to the war as surgeon of the 31st New York Volunteers and was made brigade sur- geon after the battle of Bull Run, and surgeon of General Keyes' corps in 1862. A year later he was made medical inspector of the United States army. He was one of the founders of Bellevue Hos- pital Medical College in 1861, and was Professor of Surgery there till he re- signed in 1875. Dr. Hamilton was as- sociated with Drs. Agnew and Bliss in the care of President Garfield. He wrote extensively on the principles and prac- tice of surgery. He died in New York City, Aug. 11, 1886. HAMILTON, SIR IAN STANDISH MONTEITH, an English soldier, born in Corfu, in 1853. He was educated at Wel- lington and entered the army in 1873. He saw active service in the Afghan War in 1878 to 1880, and in the Boer War of 1881. He took part in the Nile expedi- tion of 1884-1885, and in the Burmese ex- pedition of 1886-1887. He was promoted to be colonel in 1891, and general in 1899, when he fought before Ladysmith. In 1901 he was appointed chief of staff to General Kitchener. From 1910 to 1915 he was chief in command of the Mediter- ranean Expeditionary Force, and had general charge of the land operations at the Gallipoli peninsula. The failure of his enterprise I'esulted in severe criti- cism against his plan of campaign. He defended himself in an elaborate report, made public in 1918. HAMILTON, PATRICK, usually con- sidered as the first Scotch reformer, the second son of Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavel and Stanehouse, and of Cath-
