HAMLIN 458 HAMMERFEST influence did much in molding the char- acter of modern Bulgarian leaders, and producing autonomy for Bulgaria. He returned to the United States and be- came a professor in the Theological Seminary in Bangor; was president of Middlebury College, Vt., in 1880-1885, when he removed to Lexington, Mass. Part of his works are in the Armenian language; those in English include "Among the Turks" (1877) and "My Life and Times" (1893). He died in 1900. HAMLIN, HANNIBAL, an Ameri- can statesman; born in Paris, Me., Aug. 27, 1809; was admitted to the bar in 1833; and began practice in Hampden; was elected to the United States Sen- ate in 1848 to fill an unexpired term; re-elected in 1851 and again in 1857; re- signed in 1861, after being elected Vice- President on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln; was again a United States Sen- ator in 1869-1881, and then accepted the post of minister to Spain, but in the fol- lowing year resigned and returned to the United States. He died in Bangor, Me., July 4, 1891. HAMLINE UNIVEBSITY, a coedu- cational institution in St. Paul, Minn.; founded in 1854 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; re- ported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 32; students 550; presi- dent, Samuel F. Kerfoot, D. D. HAMMER, a tool used for applying the force of impact, either for the pur- pose of beating malleable materials into a required form, or for driving nails, wedges, etc. The common hand hammer consists of an iron head, usually faced with steel, fixed crosswise on a wooden handle. When one side of the head is thinned out to a wedge form or to a point this is called the "pane" of the hammer. The "face" is the flat disk which strikes the work. Carpenters' and joiners' hammers have a bent pane with a V-shaped notch, which is used as a bent lever for drawing nails, etc. The pane is sometimes sharpened so as to form an adz or chisel. There are also many other modifications in the form of hammers. A great variety of power-hammers are used. These, for the most part, are masses of iron raised by steam or other power, and then allowed to fall by their own gravity on the work. The "helve" or "shingling" hammer, used for com- pressing the mass of iron drawn from the puddling-furnace, and the "tilt" hammer, used in the manufacture of shear-steel, are important examples of such hammers. The tilt hammer is sim- ilar, but much lighter, and is adapted for striking more than 300 blows per min- ute. These, when worked by steam, as they are usually, are, of course, steam hammers ; and when the term steam ham- mer is used without qualification it ap- plies to a more elaborate machine of very different construction, invented by James Nasmyth, 1842, and subsequently improved in minor details. In this th~e hammer is attached to the bottom of a heavy mass of iron, the "hammer-block," capable of rising and falling between upright bars or "guides"; this, again, is fixed to the rod of a piston, which works in a cylinder placed perpendicu* STEEL HAMMER larly over the hammer-block, hammer and anvil. As the piston rises in the cylinder it lifts the attached mass, which is then allowed to fall from varying heights, according to an adjustment which can be made by an attendant simply touching a handle. The adjust- ments are so perfect that it may be made to crush a mass of iron, and at the next blow to crack a nut held in the fingers without damaging either ker- nel or fingers. HAMMERFEST (ham'mer-fest) , the extreme N. town of Europe; in lat. 70° 40' N. and Ion. 23° 30' E., on the island of Kvalo, in the Norwegian province of Finmark. It is the rendezvous of the fishing fleets of the Kara sea and the waters along the Spitzbergen coasts. It imports coal, salt, hemp, flour, etc., in exchange for fish and fish-oil, with some reindeer hides, eider down, and fox-skins. During the two summer months the sun is continually above the horizon. The winter is mild enough to allow of the fisheries being carried on. The town
