HAWKWOOD 487 HAWTHORNE 9, 1863. He was admitted to the bar in 1887. Among his best-known works are : "A Man of Mark" (1800) ; "Father Staf- ford"; "The Prisoner of Zenda"; "The Indiscretion of the Duchess"; "Phroso"; "Heart of the Princess Osra"; "Rupert of Hentzau"; "The King's Mirror"; "The Great Miss Driver" (1908); "Young Man's Year" (1915) ; "Lucinda" (1920). HAWKWOOD, SIR JOHN, in Italian, L'AcuTO or L'Aguto, an English captain who won renown in Italy in the wars of the 14th century. He distinguished him- self at the battles of Crecy and Poitiers. After peace was signed at Bretigny (1360) he gathered a band of mercenary soldiers and led them to Italy, where he at first took sei'vice with Pisa against Florence. Then, after fighting in most of the petty Italian wars of the period, notably for the Visconti and for Pope Gregory XL, he agreed to fight the bat- tles of Florence in return for an annual pension. He died in 1394. HAWTHORNE, HILDEGARDE, an American writer, born in New York, the daughter of Julian Hawthorne. She was educated privately and abroad. Her pub- lished writings include "A Country In- terlude" (1904) ; "Poems" (1904) ; "Es- says" (1907); "Old Seaport Towns of New England" (1916); "Rambles Through College Towns" (1917) ; and "Girls in Bookland" (1917). She was a frequent contributor to magazines and in 1918-1919 was engaged in war work in France for the Y. M. C. A. and the American Red Cross. HAWTHORNE, JULIAN, an Ameri- can novelist and journalist, son of Na- thaniel; bom in Boston, June 22, 1846. On leaving Harvard University he studied civil engineering in Dresden, but took to authorship: "Idolatry," "Fortune's Fool," "Sinfire," "Beatrix Randolph," "Archibald Malmaison," "A Fool of Nature," "Garth"; "A History of the United States" (1899-1912); "Hawi;horne and His Circle" (1903) ; "The Subterranean Brotherhood" (1914). HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL, an American writer, born in Salem, Mass., July 4, 1804, from a long New Eng- land ancestry. When he was four years old, his father, a sea-captain, died in a distant land, and from that time his mother lived in complete seclu- sion. Thus home influences as well as an inborn disinclination for action made Hawthorne something of a recluse. The happiest time of his childhood was a period spent on Lake Sebago, in Maine, from which he was sent back to Salem to complete his preparation for college. At seventeen he entered Bowdoin, where he made only an average record, his main interests being not in his studies but in the reading in all fields of literature that he carried on by himself. For twelve years after he left college (1825-1837) he lived in the utmost seclusion, reading much and writing much, but destroying the greater part of his compositions. He saw little of his mother and sisters dur- ing this time, had no intimate friends, and published little. It was a period of self-training not unlike that of Milton at Horton. He sent a collection of seven tales to various publishers, who promptly returned them. Largely with his own funds he published "Fanshawe" in 1828, but afterward destroyed the greater part of the edition. "The Gentle Boy," and three other tales appeared in an annual in 1832, anonymously, and a few other tales appeared in the same way in succeeding years. Thus he pre- pared the way for "Twice-Told Tales," in 1838. Though its circulation was small, Hawthorne was encouraged by the favorable comments it called forth and came out of his hermit-like seclusion, got a position in the Boston Custom House, fell in love with Sophia Peabody, and in 1841 joined a communistic ex- periment at Brook Farm. In 1847 he married and went to live, for three years, in the Old Manse at Concord. Here he came to know Emerson, Alcott, Thoreau, and helped to make Concord a community of authors. A second series of "Twice-Told Tales," appeared in 1842; "Mosses from an Old Manse," in 1846, and "The Scarlet Letter'; in 1850. Meantime, President Polk appointed him to the custom house at Salem, 1846. By 1851 he had moved again, this time to the Berkshires, where he virrote "The House of the Seven Gables," (1851), and two collections of tales for children, "The Wonder Book" and Tanglewood Tales." President Pierce, who had been his class- mate at Bowdoin, appointed him consul at Liverpool, and before his return to America he spent some time on the continent. In Italy he planned "The Marble Faun," which was written while he was still abroad and appeared in 1860. Various other romances were planned and partly written, but his health failed rapidly after his return to Concord in 1860, and he died May 19, 1864. Besides his tales and romances, Hawthorne left voluminous note-books, written in America and abroad, which constitute a record of his reading and meditation. These afford valuable clues to his view of life, show the germs out of which his masterpieces grew, and illus-
