HIGGINS 11 HIGH CHURCH scapulary. They possessed the convent of^ St. Lawrence m the Escurial, and still have convents in Sicily, the West Indies, and South America. HIGGINS, FRANK WAYLAND, an American public official, born in Rush- ford, N. Y., in 1865. He graduated from Riverview Military Academy; en- tered business in which he was very successful; and was elected to the State Senate in 1894, serving till 1902. In the following year he was appointed lieutenant-governor and was elected governor on the Republican ticket for the term 1905 to 1907. He died in the latter year. HIGGINSON, FRANCIS JOHN, an American naval officer, born in Boston, Mass., in 1843. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1861; became a lieutenant in the following year and rose to the various grades, becoming commodore in 1898. In the Civil War he served with the West Gulf Blockad- ing Squadron and was wounded in this service. He took part in many impor- tant actions and at the close of the war he saw service on the sea and on shore. He commanded the Naval Training Sta- tion at Newport from 1887 to 1890; was captain of the Mare Island Navy Yard in 1894-1895; and on special duty at the New York Navy Yard in 1896 and 1897. During the war with Spain he com- manded the battleship "Massachusetts" and was advanced three numbers in rank for conspicuous conduct in battle. From 1898 to 1901 he was chairman of the Lighthouse Board and from 1901 to 1903 commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic Fleet. His last service was as commandant in the Washington Navy Yard from 1903 to 1905. He retired from active service in the latter year. HIGGINSON, HENRY LEE, an American financier and philanthropist, born in New York City in 1834. He studied at Harvard, but left to travel in Europe and to study music there. At the outbreak of the Civil War he en- listed to serve in the First Massa- chusetts Cavalry, and was brevetted lieutenant colonel. He entered the bank- ing business in 1868 as a member of the firm of Lee, Higginson & Co. and ac- quired a large fortune. His chief in- terest was music and he maintained as long as he lived the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the most noted musical or- ganization in the United States. He also gave largely to charity. His promi- nence in all fields of activity won for him the name of "Boston's first citizen" and honorary degrees from Harvard and Vale universities. He died in 1919. HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENT- WORTH, an American author; born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 22, 1823; was graduated at Harvard College in 1841. He entered the Unitarian ministry in 1847, but left in 1858, becoming active in anti-slavery agitation. During the Civil War he served first as captain and THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON later as colonel. His publications in- clude: "Woman and Her Wishes"; "Sympathy of Religions"; "Young Folks' History of the United States"; "Young Folks' Book of American Ex- plorers"; "English History for Ameri- cans"; "Cheerful Yesterdays"; "Old Cambridge"; etc. He died May 9, 1911. HIGHBINDERS, the name given by Americans to a secret organization known to exist among the Chinamen in North America, and which has caused considerable disturbance in the Chinese population of San Francisco, Cal. The Chinese call these societies pro tan ocy or "hatchet" societies, and the members "hatchet boys." The members claim to be Chinese Freemasons, but seem in reality to be lawless spirits unable to brook the discipline of the regular chari- table societies, and who have conse- quently organized for mutual protection in crime. HIGH CHURCH, one of the three great parties in the English Church. They regard the Episcopal form of gov- ernment as so essential to a true church that, as a rule, they do not feel free to recognize, as sister churches, those Christian denominations which are un- der other forms of government. Dur-
