LENINE 455 LENROOT convert to Marx doctrines and accepted the dictum of the Third International Congress in favor of the creation of an international state to be dominated by the workers. Although elected to the Second Duma he was exiled in 1905 when the reaction set in. During the early part of the European War of 1914 he was interned in Cracow, Austria, as an alien enemy, but later received permis- sion to go to Switzerland. When the Revolution of March, 1917, took place in Russia, Lenine, together with several other Russians in exile, was allowed to proceed to Russia across Germany. Ar- riving at Petrograd before Kerensky's government had been established he at once set to work, advocating immediate peace and the "dictatorship of the prole- tariat." His effort to overturn the Ker- ensky government in July of 1917 was a NIKOLAI LENINE failure and Lenine was forced to go into hiding for a time. November, 1917, crowned his efforts with success and he found himself at the head of Russian af- fairs. Well knowing the longing of the Russian people for peace, Lenine imme- diately opened negotiations with the Ger- mans and in March of 1918 signed the peace of Brest-Litovsk by which Ger- many was granted a considerable slice of Russian territory. Although formally at peace with Russia, Lenine encouraged his agents to spread their propaganda among the Germans and effectually contributed to the outbreak of the revo- lution in Berlin. The Allied Govern- ments continued hostile to Lenine and gave support to men who had for their object the overthrow of the Soviet Gov- ernment. One by one, however, Lenine defeated them all and the year 1919 ended with his power more absolute in Russia than when it had begun. Many accusations have been made by his ene- mies against him: that he organized a reign of terror in Russia which threat- ened to exterminate all who refused to acknowledge his power; that he accepted German gold and has acted in the inter- est of Germany; that he has profited by the distresses of his people. The truth of these sweeping accusations cannot as yet be determined. That he is bitterly hated in Russia by some is shown by re- peated efforts to assassinate him. The Al- lied Governments, including the United States, have steadily, up to July, 1920, refused to recognize his government, and for a considerable time held Russia un- der a strict blockade. Prior to his ac- cession to power in Russia Lenine pub- lished several works on Socialism, the most important of which is his "Develop- ment of Capitalism in Russia." LENNEP, JACOB VAN, a Dutch au- thor; born in Amsterdam, Holland, March 25, 1802. He was educated for the bar, passed as a barrister, and soon achieved a great reputation for legal knowledge. Yet without neglecting his extensive practice he for more than 30 years cultivated literature. Lennep first appeared as an author shortly before 1830 in a work on national legends, im- mediately followed by his comedies. Of his numerous novels several (including "The Rose of Dekama" and "The Adopt- ed Son") have been translated into Eng- lish, French, and German. He wrote much for the stage, translated from Byron and other English poets, and pub- lished a Dutch history for the young. He died Aug. 25, 1868. LENNOX, an ancient Scotch territory, comprising the basin of the Leven and Loch Lomond — the whole of Dumbar- tonshire, great part of Stirlingshire, and portions of Perth and Renfrew shires. It gave name to an earldom (1174-1581), and then to a dukedom, conferred by Charles II. in 1680 on one of his illegiti- mate sons, Charles, Duke of Richmond and Lennox, who in 1702 sold the Len- nox estates to the Marquis of Montrose. LENROOT. IRVINE LUTHER, United States Senator from Wisconsin, born in Superior, Wis., in 1869. He was educated in the common schools and after studying law was admitted to the bar in 1897. In 1901 he was elected a
