MANDOLIN 101 IffANGAN Bias, which name is derived from a minor port on the coast of the bay. MANDOLIN, an Italian fretted guitar, BO called from its almond shape. There are several varieties, each with different tunings. The Neapolitan, considered the most perfect, has four strings tuned like the violin, i. e., G, D, A, E. The Milanese, next in favor, has five double strings tuned G, C, A, D, E. A plec- trum is used in the right hand, and the left is employed in stopping the strings. It is written on the G clef. In the Ne- apolitan mandolin the E strings are of catgut, the A strings of steel, the D strings of copper, and the G strings of catgut covered with copper wire. The compass is about three octaves. MANDRAKE, a perennial herb. From the rude resemblance of the bifurcated root to the human figure many supersti- tious notions have gathered about this plant. MANDRAKE APPLE, the fruit of the iiiandrake; it is beautiful, fragrant, and in no way poisonous. MANDRILL, an African baboon. A full-grown male measures about five feet when erect; the hair is light olive-brown above, and silvery-white beneath. It has MANDRILL a small pointed yellow beard, and a tuft of hair on the top of the head, which gives the whole face a triangular ap- pearance. Mandrills are insectivorous; and in addition to their immense canine teeth approach the Carnivora in many points of anatomical detail. MANDVI, the chief seaport of the principality of Cutch, in India, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Cutch, 36 miles S. W. of Bhuj, the capital. It has a good roadstead and a breakwater, but the harbor is choked with sand. Pop. about 25,000. MANET, ifiDOTJARD, a French artist, •pioneer and leader of the school of im- pressionist painting; born in Paris, 1832. Painted in the studio of Couture for five years, and then traveled exten- sively over Europe studying the work of the Old Masters. He finally evolved a style of his own which revolutionized modern painting. His methods evoked a storm of criticism, and it was not un- til his death in 1883 that the value of his work met full recognition. Among his noted works are: "Boy with Sword," Metropolitan Museum, New York. "Gui- tar Player," shorn Collection, New York. "Dead Toreador," Widener Col- lection, Philadelphia. "The Balcony," Luxembourg, Paris. "The Opera Ball," Havemeyer, New York. He also painted portraits of Zola, Clemenceau, and others. MANFRED, King of Naples and Sici- ly; born in Sicily, about 1232. He was a natural son of the Emperor Frederick II. After the death of his brother Con- rad, he became regent of the kingdom, during the minority of Conradin, his nephew. Pope Innocent IV. exciting a revolt against him, he was driven from his kingdom; but he reconquered it a year afterward, and caused himself to be crowned in 1258. Pope Urban IV. ex- communicated him, and offered his king- dom to Charles of Anjou. Manfred per- ished in a desperate battle with the lat- ter near Benevento, in 1266. MANFREDONIA, a walled seaport of Italy, on the Gulf of Manfredonia, a bay of the Adriatic. Founded by Manfred in 1261 from the ruins of ancient Sipon- tum, it has an old castle and a cathedral. MANGALORE, a seaport, military station, and chief town in the district of South Kanara, presidency of Madras, In- dia. A clean, picturesque town,^ embos- omed in cocoanut palm groves, it ships large quantities of coffee (from Coorg and Mysore) in small Arabian and In- dian vessels. The town has a Roman Catholic bishop and college, and is also the headquarters in India of the Basel Lutheran Mission. The town, which was three times sacked by the Portuguese in the 16th century, was taken by Hyder Ali in 1763, and made the headquarters of his navy. In 1784 its English garri- son yielded to Tippoo Sultan after a nine months' siege. It became British in 1799, and was burned by the Coorg rebels in 1837. Pop. about 50,000. MANGAN, JAMES CLARENCE, an Irish poet; born in Dublin, Ireland, May 1, 1803. His "German Anthology" was published in two volumes in 1845, a com- plete edition of his poems in New York
