LOMBBOSO LONDON liOMBBOSO, CESABE (lom-bro'so), an Italian scientist; born in Venice, 1836. He attained world-wide celebrity as an investigator of pathology, psychiatry, nervous diseases, criminology, and allied departments of science. His theory of a definite criminal type, the bom criminal, is not any longer considered as having been established. His principal works CESARE LOMBROSO are: "Researches on Cretinism in Lom- bardy" (1859); "Genius and Insanity" (1864); "Clinical Studies on Mental Dis- eases" (1865); "Microcephaly and Cre- tinism" (1873); "The Criminal" (1875); "Love in Suicide and in Crime" (1881); "The Man of Genius as Related to Psychiatry" (1889); "Female Criminals" (1893); "Anti-Semitism" (1894); "The Anarchists" (1894) ; "Genius and Degen- eracy" (1897) ; "Crime, Its Causes and Remedies" (1899); "After Death— What?" (1909); etc. He died in 1909. LOMZA, POLAND, a fortified city, 96 miles N. E. of Warsaw, on the E. bank of the Narev. Pop. about 30,000, a large portion of which is Jewish. It is the center of an agricultural region which produces most of the grain crops. The city and its environs was the scene of several important battles between the Russians and Germans during the strug- gle for Warsaw. LONDON, the metropolis of the Brit-i ish empire, and the most populous, wealthy, and commercial city of the world. It is situated partly and princi- pally on the N. bank of the Thames, in the county of Middlesex, and partly on its S. bank in the county of Surrey, its suburbs extending into several other counties, and is about 45 miles above the river's mouth. The site on the N. side is high and dry, but on the S. it is so low as to be under the level of the highest tides, though, by a well-con- structed system of drainage, it is kept perfectly free from wet. The sub-soil is a hard clay, known to geologists by the name of "London clay," lying in the middle of the great chalk basin, extend- ing E. from Berks. London comprises, besides the City of London and the city of Westminster, the parliamentary bor- oughs of Battersea, Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Camberwell, Chelsea, Deptford, Finsbury, Fulham, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith, Hampstead, Holborn, Islington, Kensington, Lambeth, Lewis- ham, Paddington, Poplar, Marylebone, St. Pancras, Shoreditch, Southwark, Step- ney, Stoke Newington, Wandsworth, and Woolwich. These, formerly distinct, com- bine to form the huge agglomeration called London. Its length E. from Plumstead, in Essex, to its W. boundary Hammer- smith, in Middlesex, on the N. bank of the Thames, may be estimated at 19 miles; its breadth, N. to S., or from Hampstead, in Middlesex, to Camber- well, Surrey county, at 14 miles; while its circumference is not less than 40 miles. The municipal and parliamentary city of London which coincides with the registration city of London has an area of 675 acres, with a population in 1911 of 364,061, compared with 301,384 in 1891. The registration county of Lon- don coinciding with the administrative county has an area of 74,816 acres and it coincides very nearly with the collec- tive area of the London parliamentary boroughs. The population of registration London for 1911 was 4,521,685. The estimated population in 1917 was 4,026,- 911. Included within the limits of London is also the so-called outer ring, comprising a large area of the surround- ing country. This had a population in 1911 of 2,729,673 and an estimated population in 1917 of 2,699,852. Includ- ing both these areas the population in 1911 was estimated at 7,251,358 and in 1917 at 6,726,763. The N. and S.^ por- tions of London are connected by bridges, viz., those of London, Southwark, Black- friars, Waterloo, Hungerford, West- minster, Vauxhall, Chelsea, Wands- worth, Putney, and Hammersmith, be-
