MAHSHALL 130 MARSHALL ISLANDS It contains the College of Marshall, and two large negro colleges, waterworks, electric and street railroad plant. Na- tional banks, daily and weekly newspapers and churches. It has a foundry, railroad shops, cotton compress, cotton gin, grist mills, pottery plant, furniture factories, etc. The city has a commission form of government. Pop. (1910) 11,452; (1920) 14,271. MARSHALL, JOHN, an American jurist; bom in Germantown, Va., Sept. ! 24, 1755. He was educated at home; studied law; was an officer in the Colo- nial army from 1775 to 1779, where he won distinction, especially on courts-mar- tial, in which he acted frequently as judge-advocate. In 1781 he resigned, and entered on the practice of law. He was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in 1788 to the Virginia convention that ratified the United States Consti- tution, where he shared with James Madi- son the work of influencing its adoption. He went as envoy to France in 1798, but was superseded on account of his Fed- eralistic views. In 1799 he entered Con- gress; refused appointment as Secretary of War. In 1800 took office as Secretary of State. In 1801 he was nominated chief- justice of the United States by President John Adams, and confirmed unanimously by the Senate. This office he held 34 years, during which his decisions on con- stitutional questions established prece- dents in the interpretation of the Consti- tution that have been accepted ever since. He died in Philadelphia, July 6, 1835. MARSHALL, THOMAS RILEY, Vice- President of the United States, was born in 1854 in Indiana, graduating from Wabash College in 1873. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1875 and soon at- tained considerable success and reputa- tion as an orator. After being several times nominated for office by the Demo- crats, but defeated in the election, he was elected governor of Indiana in 1908. While governor he favored the so-called progressive measures of popular election of senators, employers' liability laws, etc. His supposed opposition to the Demo- cratic machine politicians headed by Tag- gart, won Marshall considerable popu- larity and also Indiana's support for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912. While not successful in gaining the coveted nomination, he did gain sec- ond place on the Democratic ticket and was elected Vice-President in 1912, to which office he was re-elected in 1916. MARSHALL, SIR WILLIAM RAINE, English Lieutenant-General ; born in 1865. Served on the northwestern fron- tier of India 1897-1898; in the SoutK African War of 1899-1902. Lieutenant-General Marshall succeeded to the command of_ the Anglo-Indian Army in Mesopotamia on the death of General Sir Stanley Maude, Nov. 18, 1917. In March, 1918, his forces were victorious over the Turks at Hit and Kahn-Baghdadi on the Euphrates. On Oct. 3 General Marshall's drive began along the Tigris against Mosul. On Oct. 2, Kirkuk was won and a passage forced over the Sesser Zab, a branch of the Tigris. Oct. 25-28 Kalat Shergat was captured and on the 30th the Turk- ish Army on the Tigris surrendered. MARSHALL ISLANDS, a group of islands in the W. Pacific, bisected by lat. 10° N., having the Caroline group to the W., and consisting of two parallel chains of low coral reefs — one, the Ratak group, consisting of 15 islands, and measuring in all 48 square miles; the other, the Ralik group, 18 islands, with a total area of 107 square miles. Total pop. of group (1920) about 15,000, nearly all natives; most populous island, Maie- THOMAS R. MARSHALL ru ; several of the islands are uninhabited. The cocoanut and pandanus palms and the bread-fruit tree are the principal sources of food, besides fish. Copra is the only export. The inhabitants belong to the Micronesian division, and are an ugly but good-natured and hospitable race, fond of song and dance, and skil- ful weavers of bast mats. These islands were annexed by Germany in 1885, but by the Treaty of Versailles were awarded to Australia.
