1567, while the queen was attending a masquerade at Holyrood Palace. Mary showered honors and favors on Bothwell, one of the prominent actors in the tragedy. His trial was demanded and took place, but merely as a farce. Mary was seized by Bothwell at the head of a strong body of retainers, and conveyed to his castle of Dunbar; but, being permitted to return to Edinburgh, she there created her lover Duke of Orkney, and married him. The great nobles at once formed a combination against the queen, supported by the burghers of the principal cities, and seized the castle of Edinburgh. June 15 the two armies met at Carberry Hill, where the royal troops at once surrendered. Bothwell fled, and the queen was taken to Lochleven Castle and there placed in confinement. On the 25th of the same month she signed her abdication of the crown in favor of her infant son, with the Earl of Murray as regent.
In May, 1568, she succeeded in escaping from Lochleven, and assembling some adherents encountered the regent Murray's army at Langside, near Glasgow, where she was utterly defeated and her cause irretrievably lost, Mary fled to England, and was at first considerately treated by Elizabeth, who later committed her to prison. She was removed to Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire in 1586, was declared guilty of treason, and condemned to death. She was brought to the block in Fotheringay Castle, Feb. 8, 1587.
MARYBOROUGH, a city in Queensland, Australia. Important quartz- and gold-mining industries are located there. Pop. about 12,000.
MARYLAND, a State in the South Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Atlantic Ocean; one of the original 13 States; counties, 24; area, 9,860 square miles; pop. (1890) 1,042,390; (1900) 1,188,044; (1910) 1,295,346; (1920) 1,449,661. Capital, Annapolis.
Topography.—The surface of the State is varied, with three prominent divisions, the Coast Plain, including the Western Shore, between the ocean and Chesapeake Bay; the Piedmont plateau, extending from the bay W. to the Catoctin Mountains, and the Appalachian Mountain region. The Chesapeake Bay cuts the State in two parts, and with its principal affluent, the Potomac river, forms the principal water system of the State. The mountains in the W. are divided into three ranges, the Blue Ridge, Appalachian, and Allegheny, and reach an eleva- tion of 3,000 feet. The Atlantic coast has no good harbors, but the bay with its numerous coves and estuaries gives excellent facilities for water transportation. The principal rivers are the Potomac on the S. boundary, the Susquehanna flowing in from Pennsylvania on the N. and emptying in the bay, and the Patuxent, Patapsco, Gunpowder on the Western Shore; and the Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke, on the Eastern Shore, all of which empty into Chesapeake Bay.
Geology.—Nearly every geological period is represented in Maryland, the Archæan deposits are found over nearly the whole State. Metamorphosed rocks, such as granites, gneisses, basalt, and marble, occur in the Piedmont Plateau, and in western Maryland the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous series are found. The Eastern Shore presents sands, clays, and granites of more recent origin. The Upper Jurassic period is represented by dinosaurian remains in Prince George's county.
Soil.—The soil in the E. part of the State is a light sandy loam, and is especially adapted to truck farming and market gardening. The soil in the valleys of the N. and central portions is especially adapted to grass and wheat cultivation. The climate is equable, and not subject to sudden changes, the thermometer seldom falling below zero. The principal forest trees include cypress, gum, cedar, juniper, dogwood, holly, magnolia, elm, cherry, oak, locust, sycamore, sassafras, poplar, maple, walnut, ash, birch, chestnut, hickory, and pine.
Mineral Production.—Practically the only mineral production in the State is coal, and of this between three and four million tons are produced annually. About 6,000 men are employed in the coal mines of the State, and the product is valued at about $4,000,000. Other mineral products are sandstone, granite, slate, pottery, and mineral waters.
Agriculture.—In addition to the regular farm crops, the State is a large producer of truck garden products, including tomatoes and fruits. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 were as follows: corn, 28.413,000 bushels, valued at $39,778,000; oats, 1,820,000 bushels, valued at $1,492,000; wheat, 10,655,000 bushels, valued at $22,930,000; tobacco, 19,575,000 pounds, valued at $5,872,000; hay, 630,000 tons, valued at $15,120,000; potatoes, 5,170,000 bushels, valued at $6,721,000. The figures for live stock were as follows: horses, about 170,000, valued at about $20,000,000; mules, about 25,000, valued at about $3,500,000; milch cows, about 175,000, valued at about $10,-
