MODERNISM 266 MOELLEB dena ; on a broad plain in northern Italy, 23 miles N. W. of Bologna. The cathe- dral of St. Geminianus, a Romanesque building, has a fine facade; its campanile is one of the gi'eat towers of Italy. The ducal (now royal) palace, a picturesque structure of the 17th century, has an in- finity of galleries, courts, and marble arches, and contains the Este library of 90,000 volumes, and the gallery of pic- tures, including works by Guido, and Carracci, Guercino, Correggio. Modena possesses besides a university (1678). The family of Este became its masters in 1288; and in 1452 the reigning mar- quis was created duke by the Emperor Frederick III. During the first half of the 19th century its dukes pursued a re- active policy against liberalism, and were expelled from their dominion in 1860. The duchy was then incorporated in the king- dom of Italy, and afterward divided into the provinces of Modena, Reggio, and Massa-Carrara. Area of province, 1,002 square miles; pop. city about 77,000; duchy about 325,000. MODERNISM, a doctrine or system of beliefs held by many Catholics in the period 1888-1910 which were opposed to the traditional belief of the Roman Cath- olic Church. In common with many Protestants some Catholics believed that the doctrines of the Church should be interpreted in the light of modern scien- tific facts, especially in the light of the results established by historical science as to the composition of the Bible and the evolution of dogma. Those holding such advanced views were called Modern- ists, after their desire to "modernize" the beliefs of the Church. The most conspic- uous leader of the group was Father George Tyrrell. Modernism met ^e most determined opposition in the head of the Church. In 1907 the Pope condemned as heretical, false, and offensive nearly all the propo- sitions advanced by the Modernists. In September, 1907, Pope Pius X. issued his encyclical against the doctrine. As is customary, the letter is known histori- cally by the first words; these were in this case "Pascendi Dominici Gregis." The decree calls Modernism the synthesis of all heresies, and ascribes its spread to folly, ignorance, and curiosity. The Pope declares the doctrine is false" in its inter- pretation of the sacraments and at vari- ance with the scholastic philosophy. The head of the Church urges zeal upon the bishops and especially all the heads of educational institutions under the Church to punish all convicted of holding Mod- ernist doctrines. In 1910 Pius X. went still further and by decree ordered all the priests of all orders in the Church, all professors, and all candidates for holy orders to take a solemn oath repu^ diating Modernist views and declaring their adherence to the authoritative doc- trines of the Church. They are, in addi- tion, to state their unbelief in any doc- trine at any time condemned by the Church of Rome. These vigorous edicts, followed up as they were by the action of the authorities, effectually stamped out Modernism. MODESTO, a city of California, the county-seat of Stanislaus co. It is on the Tuolumne river and the Southern Pacific railroad. The city has an ex- tensive trade in gi'ain, fruit, wool, live- stock, dairy products, etc., and is the cen- ter _ of a productive agricultural region which has been developed by irrigation. The notable buildings include a court house, a public library, and a county hospital. Pop. (1910) 4,034; (1920) 9,241. MODICA (mod'e-ka), an inland town of Sicily, 45 miles S. W. of Syracuse, with trade in fruit, oil, wine, and grain. Pop. of commune, about 56,000. MODJESKA, HELENA (mod-jes'ka), a Polish actress; born in Cracow, Po- land, Oct. 12, 1844. She began to act in a traveling company in 1861. Four years later she made a great name at Cracow, and from 1868 to 1876 was the first actress of Warsaw. In 1877 she tri- umphed as Adrienne Lecouvreur at San Francisco and rose to the first rank as an emotional actress. She was especially famous as Camille, Rosalind, and Bea- trice. She died April 8, 1909. MODOCS, an Indian tribe of northern California, which in 1872, after firing on the United States forces, retreated to the neighboring lava beds, and there de- fended themselves desperately till June, 1873, killing or wounding 132 of the troops. Their chief. Captain Jack, and three others were hanged. About 200 are domiciled on the Klemath Reserva- tion, Oregon. MOELLER, HENRY, ecclesiastic; born in Cincinnati, O., in 1849; gradu- ated from St. Xavier's College, Cincin- nati, in 1869; became student in Rome, attaining degree of D. D. in 1876. Was then attached to St. Patrick's, Bellefon- taine, for a year, and was for two years professor at Mount St. Mary's. Ap- pointed chaucellor of the archdiocese of Cincinnati, continuing till 1900, becom- ing coadjutor-archbishop, with title see of Areopolis, in 1903. Became archbishop of Cincinnati in 1904, receiving pallium
