Palæozoic formations in the N, W. supply a large amount of magnetic iron, magnetic ore being practically the only kind now mined, though deposits of hematite and amanite are known. Copper ores are worked in Somerset county, and the Schuyler mine at Arlington was the first copper mine worked in the United States. The zinc mines in Sussex county are among the richest in the world. Lead, plumbago, manganese, and nickel are also found. Sand for glass-making, shell marls for fertilizers, lime for mortar and for fertilizing, porcelain, potters' and kaolin clays are among the more useful geographical resources. In building and paving stones New Jersey stands well, the famous Jersey sandstone is largely used for building purposes, and the gneiss-granite, limestone, blue-stone, slate and trap are all of great commercial value. Shipments of iron ore in 1918 amounted to 375,238 long tons, valued at $1,945,651. In the production of clay products New Jersey ranks third among the States, being exceeded only by Ohio and Pennsylvania. There is also an important production of zinc. Clay products were valued at $22,529,232, The total value of the mineral products of the State in that year amounted to $57,710,181.
Agriculture.—The soil is a sandy loam
admirably adapted to agriculture, and
in places where it has become worked
out the abundant natural fertilizers soon
reclaim it. The principal forest trees
are the black, white, red, and pin oaks,
hickory, beech, shagbark, maple, cedar,
elm, black walnut, ash, tulip, white and
pitch pine, hemlock, spruce, holly, witch-hazel,
iron wood, cotton wood, dogwood,
birch, alder, tamarack, willow, sweet
gum, and wild cherry. The sand plains
in the S. raise an abundance of cranberries,
and the peach, apple, pear, and berry
crops of New Jersey are of great value,
while floriculture receives great care.
The production and valuee of the prinscipal
crops in 1919 were as follows:
Corn, 10,800,000 bushels, valued at
$16,524,000; wheat, 1,962,000 bushels, valued
at $4,316,000; rye, 1,296,000 bushels, valued
at $2,074,000; hay, 488,000 tons,
valued at $14,201,000; potatoes, 10,560,000
bushels, valued at $17,846,000; sweet
potatoes, 1,750,000 bushels, valued at
$3,850,000; cranberries, 161,000 barrels,
valued at $1,288,000.
Manufactures.—The manufactures of New Jersey are very extensive and varied. Newark is one of the principal general manufacturing centers of the country. Its production of jewelry, leather, and hats, is greater than in any other city in the Union. Jersey City has extensive abattoirs, stockyards, grain elevators, steel works, and sugar refineries. Paterson is noted for its silk mills and locomotive works; Trenton for its potteries; Bridgeton, Millville, Salem and Glassboro for their glass works; Bayonne for its oil refineries and boiler works; and Elizabeth for the shipyards, sewing machines, and machine shops. In 1914 there were 9,742 manufacturing establishments, employing 373,605 wage earners. The capital invested amounted to $1,352,382,000, and the wages paid to $211,136,000. The value of the material used was $883,465,000, and the value of the finished product, $1,406,633,000. The principal articles manufactured included hats, pottery, drugs, refined oils, chemicals, silk, machinery, boilers, bar steel and iron, aluminum goods, celluloid, household and agricultural utensils, paper, cotton and woolen goods, tobacco, sewing machines, glass, structural iron, clothing, brick and terra cotta, scientific apparatus, soap, leather goods, boots and shoes, saddlery, brass goods, jewelry, and hard and soft rubber goods.
Banking.—In 1919 there were reported 206 National banks in operation, having $22,957,000 in capital, $15,936,273 in outstanding circulation, and $14,652,270 in United States bonds. There were also 24 State banks with $2,238,000 capital, and $1,740,000 surplus; and 120 loan and trust companies, with $25,087,000 capital, and $18,689,000 surplus.
Education.—In 1918 the total enrolment in the public schools was 568,825. There was an enrolment in the evening schools of 33,588. There were 15,329 women teachers and 21,014 men teachers. The average daily attendance in the day schools was 423,570. The average salary per year in the day schools was $948.29. The total expenditures for educational purposes were $33,723,115. For higher education there are St. Peter's College at Jersey City, St. Benedict's College at Newark, Princeton University at Princeton, Seton Hall College at South Orange, Rutgers College at New Brunswick, Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, Drew Theological Seminary at Madison, the German Theological School of Newark at Bloomfield, and Bordentown Female College at Bordentown.
Churches.—The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic; the Methodist Episcopal; Presbyterian, North; Regular Baptist; Protestant Episcopal; Reformed; African Methodist; Lutheran, General Council; and Congregational.
Railroads.—The total railway mileage in the State in 1919 was 6,006. The roads having the longest mileage are
