PAPHLAGONIA 106 PAPYRUS pounds. Some of the machines are 75 to 100 feet long and 120 inches wide, requiring a building to themselves, and making a sheet of paper 7 feet in width. In the United States, for fine book-work, the paper receives a white coating after it has been made; the finish thus given to the surface renders possible the il- lustrations seen in our best magazines. The productive power of a modern paper- making machine is very great; it moves at a rate of from 20 to 200 feet per min- ute, spreading pulp, couching, drying and calendering as it goes, so that the stream of pulp flowing in at one end is in two minutes passed out as finished paper at the other. Paper Production of the World. — In the United States great progress has been made in paper manufacture. The first mill was established in 1690 on ground now included within Philadelphia. In 1770 there were 40 paper mills in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Dela- ware, and only three or four in New England. In Great Britain and Eu- rope there are over 3,000 mills; Canada has, in recent years become a chief pro- ducer of pulp for paper. In 1918 the product in that country was valued at $119,309,434. In 1919 nearly 150,000 tons were exported. The United States leads all nations in paper production, between 9 and 10 million tons annually. In 1909 news- print paper was included in the free tariff list. Much of the wood pulp was obtained from Canada until the war when shortage of help made it neces- sary to obtain the material from Scan- dinavia. The blockade cut off this supply and paper prices in the United States rose to prohibitive figures. In 1919 and 1920 the United States Government warned great users of paper that they must reduce their demands on the market supply. The production of newsprint paper in 1919 was over 1,000,000 tons. PAPHLAGONIA, in ancient geogra- phy, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the N. by the Euxine; on the S. by Galatia; on the E. by the Halys, which separates it from Pontus, and on the W. by the river Parthenius, which parts it from the Bithynia. Paphlagonia con- tained seven principal cities, of which Sinope (the capital), Gangra, Amastris, and Sora, were the most important. It is mentioned by Homer, 962 B.C.; was incorporated in the Lydian empire by Croesus, 560-546 B.C.; and in that of Persia by Cyrus, 546 B. c. It was united to Pontus by Mithridates III., 290 B.C.; formed a part of the province of Gala- tia, under the Romans, 25 B.C.; and was made a separate province by Constantino I. (323-337). PAPHOS, in ancient geography, the name of two towns in the Isle of Cyprus. The older city, Palaipaphos (now Kuklos, or Kouklia), was situated in the W. part of the island, about 1^ miles from the coast. ^ It was probably founded by the Phoenicians, and was famous for a temple of Venus, who was said to have here risen from the sea close by, whence Aphrodite, "foam-sprung," and who was designated the Paphian goddess. The other Paphos, called Neopaphos (now BafFa), was on the sea coast, about 7 or 8 miles N. W. of the older city, and the place in which the apostle Paul pro- claimed the Gospel before the proconsul Sergius, and struck the sorcerer Elymas blind. PAPIER-MACHE, a material com- posed principally of paper. The com- moner varieties are prepared by pulp- ing any kind or mixture of different kinds of paper into a homogeneous mass of a doughy consistence. Some earthy material may be mixed with the pulp, as well as chemicals, resinous substances, and glue to harden it and prevent the attacks of insects. The pulp is rolled into thick sheets, and a sufficient quan- tity is taken to form the article of orna- ment desired; this is subjected to heavy pressure between cameo and intaglio dies and afterward dried. Its surface may now be gilded, painted with oil or size colors, or varnished. The toughness and lightness of this material peculiarly adapt it for table ware, table and desk furniture, interior architectural and other ornaments. PAPILIO, a butterfly; in entomology, the typical genus of the family Papi- lionidse. It has long antennae and very short palpi. About 500 species are known, many of them from Africa and the Eastern Archipelago. PAPUA. See New Guinea. PAPYRUS, in botany, a genus of Cyperese, having the inflorescence in spikelets, with many flowers, surrounded by long bracts; the seeds three cornered. P. antiquorum, sometimes called Cyperus papyrus, is the plant from which the ancients made paper. It has an under- ground stem, at intervals sending up or- dinary stems 8 or 10 feet high. It grows on the banks of the Nile, the Jordan and in the S. of Italy. The paper was made from thin slices of the stem cut verti- cally. It was made also into boats and its fibers used for cordage. P. corym^
