PASTOR 137 PATENT and extended edition in three volumes, by Mr. Gairdner was published (1872- 1875). A four-volume edition by the same author was published (1900-1901). PASTOR, a shepherd; now used al- most exclusively in its figurative sense, for one who feeds the Christian flock; a minister of the Gospel, having charge of a church and congregation. In or- nithology, the rose-colored ousel. Head, wings, and tail blue black, the feathers on the head forming a crest; back, scapu- lars, and rump, rose-colored. It has a wide geographical range and in habits resembles the starling. It is often called the locust bird. PASTORAL POETRY, poetry which deals, in a more or less direct form, with rustic life. It has generally flourished in highly corrupted artificial states of so- ciety. Thus Theocritus, the first pas- toral poet, made artistic protest against the licentiousness of Syracuse; and Ver- gil wrote his "Bucolics" and "Eclogues" in the corrupt Roman court. In the 16th century pastoral poetry received notable expression in "Arcadia" of G. Sannazaro, the "Aminta" of Tasso, and the "Pastor Fido" of Guarini; and in England, in the "Shepherd's Calendar" of Spenser, the "Arcadia" of Sidney, the "Faithful Shepherdess" of Fletcher, "As You Like It" of Shakespeare and the "Comus" of Milton. The "Gentle Shepherd" of Allan Ramsay (1725) was the last successful dramatic pastoral. PATAGONIA, the name applied to that extreme portion of South America which is bounded E. by the Atlantic, W. by the Pacific, S. by the Strait of Magel- lan, and N. by the Rio Negro. Since 1881 this large territory has been, by treaty, divided between Chile and the Argentine Republic, so that the portion W. of the Andes (63,000 squai-e miles) belongs now to the former (called Magal- lones), and the part E. of the Andes (860,000) belong to the latter (Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz districts). The Straits of Magellan form a S. boun- dary of 360 miles, and separate the main- land from the numerous islands of Tierra del Fuego. ^ Here the Chilean Govern- ment established the settlement of Punta Arenas, with stations along the coast. Patagonia E. of the Andes consists mainly of vast, undulating plains, fre- quently covered with shingle and broken up by ridges of volcanic rock. The vege- tation is scanty, except adjoining the Andes, and there are shallow salt lakes and lagoons. The chief rivers are the Rio Negro, the Chupat, the Rio Desire, and the Rio Chico, which have their sources in the Andes. The Patagonians are a tall, muscular race averaging fully six feet in height, with black hair, thick lips, and skin of a dark brown color. They are a nomad race, divided into nu- merous tribes, whose chief occupation is in hunting and cattle breeding. The country was first discovered by Magellan in 1520. PATAN, a walled town of India, in the Nepal province; 64 miles N. W. from Ahmadabad, stands on a tributary of the Banas. It manufactures swords, spears, pottery and silk and cotton goods. Standing on the site of the ancient Anhil- wara, and the capital of native dynasties from the 8th century to the present day, Patan is surrounded with lofty walls, and has numerous architectural ruins. Pop. (1918) 30,000. PATAPSCO RIVER, a stream in Maryland which flows into Chesapeake Bay, about 14 miles S. of the city of Baltimore. It is nearly 80 miles long. The part of it below Baltimore is an estuary 3 miles wide, and navigable for large ships. PATELLA, the same as knee cap. See Knee. In zoology and palaeontology, rock limpet; the typical genus of the family Patellidse. The shell is oval, vvith a subcentral apex, the animal with a continuous series of branchial lamellae, sessile eyes, and six lingual teeth. Re- cent species 144, from the shores of Great Britain, Norway, and other countries, living between high and low water marks. Fossil about 100 from the' Silu- rian onward. PATEN, a plate used from early Christian times to receive the Host conse- crated at Mass. At first the paten was made of glass, but the use of this mate- rial was forbidden in the 6th century. In England it was often made of the less precious metals, though gold or silver should properly be employed. Larger patens, called tninisteriales, were used to hold the small Hosts for the communion of the laity. In the Roman Church the paten is consecrated by the bishop with chrism, and evidence exists that this rite was in use in the 8th century. PATENT, an exclusive right granted by a government (in letters patent or open, whence the name) to any person or persons to manufacture and sell a chattel or article of commerce of his own invention. A patent obtained in Eng- land extends to 14 years, and several of the colonies have machinery for granting Patents for a like period. In France the term is 5, 10, or 15 years at the option
