PAUL 145 PAUL In 1915 he went on a diplomatic mission to Russia, the Balkans and Italy, and to Australia in 1918. He was a member of the Inter-Allied War Council and largely influenced Allied military plans on the western front. PAUL, the name of five Popes, as follows : Paul I., Pope; the successor of Ste- phen, in 757. He engaged in dispute with Desiderius, King of the Longobards, but was taken under the protection of Pepin, King of the Franks. He died in 767. Paul II., Pope; succeeded Pius II. in 1464. He sought to organize a league of the Christian princes against the Turks, who at the time threatened to in- vade Italy, and also endeavored to es- tablish peace among the different Italian States. He had a great dislike to pro- fane learning, but he established the first Roman printing press (1463). He died in 1471. Paul III., Pope; named Alexander Farnese; was elected to the papal chair in succession to Clement VII. in 1534. In his reign the Council of Trent was called. He established the Inquisition, confirmed the Society of Jesuits, con- demned the interim of Charles V., and acted with rigor against Henry VIII. of England. Died in 1549. Paul IV., Pope; Giovanni Pietro Ca- raffa; born in Naples, in 1476; succeeded Marcellus II., in 1555. He established a censorship, and completed the organiza- tion of the Roman Inquisition; he took measures for the alleviation of the bur- dens of the poorer classes, and for the better administration of justice. He was embroiled with the Emperor Ferdi- nand, with Philip II. of Spain, with Cosmo, Grand-Duke of Tuscany. He died in 1559. Paul V., Pope; Camillo Borghese, born in Rome, in 1552; was elected in 1605, after the death of Leo XI. He had a dispute with the senate of Venice, but it was so firmly resisted that the Pope excommunicated the doge and senate. He also raised forces against the repub- lic; but the emperor and other states interfered and peace was restored (1607). He embellished Rome with sculpture and painting, and an aqueduct. He was the founder of the Borghese fam- ily, one of the wealthiest in Italy. He died in 1621. PAUL I., Emperor of Russia; bom in 1754. He was the only son of Peter III. and his v/ife, Catharine II. He lost his father when eight years old. and was brought up by his mother with great sererity and in seclusion from public af- fairs. His marriage to the Princess Mary of Wiirttemberg, in 1776, did not free him from harsh treatment till, on the death of Catharine, in 1796, he was proclaimed emperor. The hopes excited by some liberal measures in the first days of his reign were soon extinguished. He joined the second coalition against France; and Russian armies appeared in Italy under Suwarrof, in Switzerland, and in Holland. But he afterward with- drew from it, and entered into friendly relations with Napoleon. His conduct became intolerable, and seemed, in fact, that of a madman. At length a con- spiracy was formed against him, with Count Pahlen at its head; and he was murdered in his bedroom, March 24, 1801. PAUL, ST., one of the apostles of Jesus Christ; originally called Saul; a Hebrew of the tribe of Benjamin, and a native of Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, and was born at the beginning of the Christian era. His father was a Phari- see of the most rigid cast, and Paul him- self, up to the time of his conversion, was a most bitter and intolerant perse- cutor of the Christian sect; even assist- ing at the martyrdom of St. Stephen. The mode of his conversion is fully de- tailed in the New Testament. After his conversion, he was baptized at Damascus by Ananias; from whence, after a brief sojourn, he proceeded to Arabia, where he is supposed to have been fully in- structed in the duties and doctrines of the new faith by special revelation. He was martyred about A. D. 66. PAUL, ST.. EPISTLES OF. There are 14 epistles in the New Testament usually ascribed to Paul, beginning with that to the Romans and ending with that to the Hebrews. Of these the first 13 have never been contested; as to the latter many good men have doubted whether Paul was the author, though the current of criticism is in favor of this opinion. These epistles, in which the principles of Christianity are de- veloped for all periods, characters, and circumstances, are among the most im- portant of the primitive documents of the Christian religion, even apart from their inspired character. PAUL, ST. VINCENT DE, a Roman Catholic philanthropist; born of poor parents in southern France in 1576; was educated at Dax and Toulouse; ordained a priest in 1600; in 1605 he was captured by pirates; remained in slavery in Tunis for two years, and finally escaped to France. He afterward visited Rome, from whence he was sent on a mission
