PENTECOSTAL CHUECH 178 PENZANCE PENTECOSTAL CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE, a religious organization established in the United States in 1908, having as its fundamental tenet the sanctification of those believing by faith, as a work of grace subsequent to and separate from justification. The com- munity was formed by the association of numerous church bodies, having 230 churches and over 11,000 members. Its ministers numbered on its formation nearly 600 and it has since established a theological seminary at Los Angeles, Cal., schools and bible institutes at Pilot Point, Tex., and a college at North Scituate, R. I. In addition there are in- stitutions belonging to the community in other centersj among them the Holiness College at Vilonia, Ark., and the Holi- ness University at Peniel, Tex. The of- ficial organs are the "Nazarene Messen- ger," the "Holiness Evangel," and the "Beulah Christian." Since its formation the number of communicants belonging to it has more than doubled. PENTLAND FIRTH, a channel be- tween the Atlantic and German Oceans, separating the mainland of Scotland from the Orkney Islands. It is 14 miles long and 6^/4 miles broad at the narrow- est. The Pentland Skerries, 5 miles N. E. of Duncansbay Head, consists of two islets and of several contiguous rocks. On the larger of the islets is a light- house (1794). Although navigation of the Pentland Firth is more dan- gerous than that of any other portion of the Scotch seas, over 5,000 vessels with cargoes pass through the Firth annually. PENTLAND HILLS, in the Lowlands of Scotland, extend 16 miles S. W. from a point 3 miles S. of Edinburgh, through the counties of Midlothian, Peebles, and Lanark, have a breadth of 4 to 6 miles, and attain a maximum height in Car- nethy (1,890 feet) and Scald Law (1,898). In the battle of the Pentlands or Rullion Green, 2 miles N. N. W. of Penicuik, Sir Thomas Dalyell routed 900 Westland Covenanters, Nov. 28, 1666. PENTONVILLE, a populous district in London in the parish of St. James, Clerkenwell; the first buildings in which were erected in 1773 on fields belonging to Henry Penton. The name has since been extended to part of the parish of Islington, in which stands the Penton- ville Prison, built in 1840-1842, and con- structed on the radiating principle, so as to admit of thorough inspection. The treatment is designed to "enforce strict separation, with industrial employment and moral training." PENTSTEMON, or PENTESTEMON, a genus of plants, order Scrophulariaeex. They are perennial herbs, rarely having woody stems, branching, paniculate, with opposite leaves; and showy red, violet, blue, or white flowers. P. pubescens, the beard tongue, is a handsome plant grow- ing on river banks, bluffs, hills, and bar- rens, in the United States. PENUMBRA, a faint shadow thrown by a luminous body. It is brighter than the true shadow, though less so than the luminous body itself. It is a modifica- tion of the true shadow produced by the commingling with it of rays emitted by a portion of the luminous body. In an eclipse of the moon, the rays which have just grazed the edge of the earth are bent inward by the refraction of the at- mosphere, besides having become tinged with a ruddy or copper hue. Falling on the moon, then in shadow, they often render it faintly visible, and though of a copper hue, yet bright enough to per- mit markings on its surface to be seen. Yet at this time the moon is so much be- hind the earth that it cannot be reached by any direct rays from the sun. In an eclipse the periods when the first and the last contact with the penumbra will take place are always carefully noted. PENZA, a government of Russia. It has an area of about 15,000 square miles. The surface of the country is rolling, and slopes toward the N. W. The principal rivers are the Moksha and the Sura. The climate is severe. The chief occu- pation is agriculturing, and rye, oats, and wheat were produced in large quan- tities before the World War. Ther*^ are also important manufacturing indus- tries which employed, before the war, over 12,000 men, with an annual produc- tion valued at $10,000,000. The chief products were paper, flour, oil, and matches.^ Pop. about 1,875,700. The capital is the city of the same name. It is the seat of the Greek Catholic Bishop and has a monastery and convent and several schools. There were, before the war, important manufactures of pa- per, lumber, flour and iron. Pop. about 80,000. PENZANCE, a town of Cornwall, England; at the head of Mount's Bay, 10 miles E. N. E. of Land's End. Stand- ing on a finely-curved shore, surrounded by rocky eminences, it is famous for its mild, equable climate, though the annual rainfall is heavy (43 inches). Its fine esplanade commands splendid land and sea views; and its chief buildings, con- structed largely of granite, include a market hall (1837) with a statue before
