PERSEPOLIS 192 PERSHING sunamer of each j'ear in the upper world. In Homer she bears the name of Perse- phoneia. The chief seats of the v/orship of Persephone were Attica and Sicily. In the festivals held in her honor in autumn the celebrants were dressed in mourning in token of lamentation for her being carried off by Pluto, while at the spring festivals they were clad in gay attire in token of joy at her return. PERSEPOLIS, the Greek translation of the lost name of the capital of ancient Persia, was situated on the Araxes river, A BAS-RELIEF AT PERSEPOLIS to the E. of the Medus river, in the plain of Merdusht, about 35 miles to the N. E. of Shiraz, on the road to Ispahan. A number of most remarkable ruins is all that now remains of Persepolis. Darius Hystaspes, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, and other A.rch«menides, each in his turn con- tributed toward its aggrandizement. PERSEVERANCE, the Calvinistic doctrine that those who are elected to eternal life, justified, adopted, and sanc- tified, will never permanently lapse from grace or be finally lost. Called more fully the perseverance of the saints. It is founded on Matt, xxiv: 24, John x: 27-29; Rom. viii: 29-39; Phil, i: 6, etc. PERSHING, JOHN JOSEPH, an American general. He was born in Lynn co., Mo., in 1860, and was gradu- ated at the United States Military Acad- emy, West Point, in 1886, as senior cadet captain, on which he received his com- mission as second lieutenant in the Sixth United States Cavalry, getting his first experience of warfare in the Apache In- dian campaigns in Arizona and New Mexico. He was also named to com- mand the Sioux Indian scouts in 1890- 1891 Sioux campaign in Dakota. His next appointment was as military instructor in the University of Nebraska, after which he was transferred to the 10th Cavalry in 1892, continuing his lectures, when in 1896 he gained distinction in the Cree campaign, and in 1898 in the Santi- ago campaign. He organized the bureau of insular affairs in Cuba, and next saw service in the Philippine Islands, bcin active there at Mindanao in operations against the Moros. When the Russo- Japanese War broke out he went as United States military attache to Japan, and was with the army of General Ku- roki during the Manchurian campaign. He returned to the Philippines in 1906, as brigadier-general and governor of the GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING Moro province^ continuing his campaigns till they culmmated in victory in June, 1913. He then was engaged in depart- ment work till the Mexican crisis of 1915, vhen he was put in command of the puni- tive expedition against Francisco Villa. It was in this year that he lost his wife and three children in a conflagration at the Presidio, San Francisco. In May, 1917, Pershing was made commander-in- chief of the American Expeditionary Forces destined for Europe and went ahead of the army in the following month. In October he was made full general, and following the appointment
