1, 1843; was educated in the United States and France; received the degree of D.D. directly from Pope Leo XIII. in 1893; and was consecrated Roman Catholic Bishop of Sioux Falls, April 19, 1896. He held pastorates at Rochester, Minn. (1867-1878); at Faribault, Minn. (1882-1885); was first president of the College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minn.; and professor at the Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. He wrote, “A History of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States.” In 1902 was appointed by President Roosevelt a member of the Commission to the Vatican to discuss Philippine religious questions.
OGOWÉ, or OGOWAY, a river of West Africa, rising on the W. side of the watershed that parts its basin from that cf the Kongo, in lat. 2° 40′ S., lon. 14° 30′ E., flows W. N. W., and finally curves round by the S. so as to pour its waters into Nazareth Bay, on the N. side of Cape Lopez. It forms a wide delta of about 70 square miles in extent. In the dry season (July to September) it shrinks to a narrow current; at other times it is a deep, broad stream, islands and sandbanks and shallows prevent vessels of any size from ascending. It has been dominated by France, through her colony on the Gaboon (q. v.), since 1885.
OGYGES, said to have been the first King of Attica and Bœotia, in the 18th century B. C. In his reign is stated to have occurred the great deluge that covered the whole of Greece. That event has been placed as occurring 260 years before that of Deucalion; viz., about 1764 B. C.
O'HARA, THEODORE, an American lawyer, author of the poem “The Bivouac of the Dead”; born in Danville, Ky., in 1820. He was a lawyer and journalist; at one time an officer in the United States navy; connected with the Lopez and Walker movements; served as captain and major in the Mexican War; afterward, for a year, in the United States cavalry; and in the Civil War as a colonel on the Confederate side. He died in Barbour co., Ala., June 7, 1867.
O'HIGGINS, a province of Chile with an area of 2,342 square miles. The eastern part of the slope of the Andes is very mountainous. It has a large area suitable for grazing, in the western part. Agriculture and grazing are the chief industries. Some mining of gold and other metals is carried on in the mountain regions. Pop. (1917) 120,750. The capital is Rancagua.
O'HIGGINS, HARVEY J., an American writer, born in London, Ont., in 1876. He studied in the University of Toronto from 1893 to 1897. He wrote “The Smoke Eaters” (1905); “The Beast and the Jungle” (with Judge Ben B. Lindsey) (1910); “The Dummy” (1913), and “Mr. Lazarus” (1916); “From the Life” (1919).
OHIO, a State in the North Central Division of the North American Union; bounded by Michigan, Lake Erie, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana; admitted to the Union, Feb. 19, 1803; capital, Columbus; number of counties, 88; area, 41,040 square miles; pop. (1890) 3,672,316; (1900) 4,157,545; (1910) 4,767,121; (1920) 5,759,394.
Topography.—The surface of the State is an undulating plain with a tranverse ridge crossing it in a N. E. and S. W. direction just N. of the center of the State. This ridge forms the watershed between those rivers belonging to the St. Lawrence, and those of the Ohio river systems. The highest altitude in the State is near Bellefontaine, in Logan county, 1,550 feet. The N. side of the watershed, though smaller, has a move gentle slope than the S. side. The lands in the N. W. were originally swampy. The Ohio river forms over half the E., and the entire S. boundary of the State, and though it has an average descent of eight inches to the mile, is navigable its entire distance along the State. Lake Erie forms over two-thirds the N. boundary and provides Ohio with several excellent harbors. The principal rivers flowing into the lake are the Cuyahoga, whose mouth forms the harbor of Cleveland; the Black, the Vermilion, the Ottawa, the Sandusky, emptying into Sandusky Bay, and the Maumee, emptying into Maumee Bay. All of these rivers have excellent harbors at their mouths. The Maumee river drains the larger portion of the N. of Ohio. The streams flovdng into the Ohio are the Muskingum, emptying at Marietta; the Scioto, at Portsmouth; the Little Miami, 6 miles from Cincinnati; the Big Miami, 20 miles below Cincinnati, and the Hocking.
Geology.—The entire geological formation of Ohio consists of Palæozoic strata, having an average thickness of about 3,600 feet. The Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian systems form the surface rock of the State. The Quaternary or drift deposits, cover a large area of the State, consisting of a blue bowlder clay, covered by the Erie clay. The Carboniferous deposits cover one-third the surface, overlying the Devonian, which geologically forms the surface of the N. part of the State. The whole S.
