PHILIPHAUGH 223 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS PHILIPHAUGH, on Yarrow Water, 3 miles W. S. W. of Selkirk, Scotland, the property from 1461 till 1889 of the line of the "Outlaw Murray" of the bal- lad. Here, Sept. 13, 1645, Montrose was defeated by David Leslie, who butchered more than 100 Irish prisoners. PHILIPPA, QUEEN, daughter of the Earl of Hainault; married to Edward III. of England in 1328. She accom- panied Edward in some of his foreign expeditions, and at other times de- fended the kingdom in his absence. PHILIPPEVILLE, a seaport of Al- geria, the harbor of Constantine, from which it lies distant 54 miles N. N. E. There is a magnificent harbor (1882) protected by two moles, one 4,590 feet long, the other 1,310 feet. The town is quite new, having been built since 1838 on the site of the ancient Rusicada. Pop. about 30,000. PHILIPPI, a city of Macedonia; named alter Philip II. of Macedon, who enlarged it because of the gold mines in its neighborhood. It is famous on ac- count of the two battles fought in 42 B. c. between Antony and Octavianus on the one side and the republicans under Brutus and Cassius on the other, in the second of which the republic finally per- ished. The apostle Paul founded a Christian church here, to which one of his epistles is addressed. PHILIPPIAN, of or pertaining to Philippi (q. v.), or its inhabitants; also a native or inhabitant of Philippi. The Epistle of Paul the apostle to the Philip- pians, an epistle addressed by St. Paul, in conjunction with Timothy, "to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons." PHILIPPIC, the title of several ora- tions of Demosthenes against Philip, King of Macedon, the spirit and ani- mosity of which caused the name to be transferred to similar compositions by other orators. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, a group of islands, a possession of the United States, forming a part of the Eastern Archipelago. They extend between lat. 21° 10' and 4° 40' north, 116° 40' and 126° 34' east. The total length is about 1150 statute miles, and the width about 650 miles. There are over 3,100 islands, of which 1,473 are without names. The largest islands are Luzon, 40,969 square miles; Mindanao, 36,292 square miles; Samar, 5,031 square miles; Negros, 4,881 square miles; Panay, 4,611 square miles; Pala- wan, 4,027 square miles; and Mindoro, 3,861 square miles. Topography. — The topography of the islands is varied. Nearly all are heavily wooded and most of them are traversed by mountain ranges. The two largest is- lands, Luzon and Mindanao, have broad plains and level valleys. The east coast of Luzon is bordered for 350 miles by a high mountain range, the Sierra Madre. West of this is the fertile valley of Cagayan river, where the largest part of the tobacco is grov^Ti. Climate. — The climate of the archi- pelago is warm, as it lies entirely within the tropics. Northeast trade winds pre- vail from November to June, and the east coasts have a heavy rainfall. The temperature does not vary greatly dur- ing the day. There are frequent cyclonic storms of wind and rain which are known as typhoons. These frequently do great damage. Agnculture. — There are great possibil- ities for agriculture and these have been greatly developed during the American occupation. The chief products are rice, abaca, sugar, coconuts, corn, and tobacco. The year 1918 was the best yet experi- enced in the agricultural industry. The total value of the leading crops was about 350,000,000 pesos (a peso equals $.50). Commerce. — The commerce of the isl- ands has greatly increased in recent years. The trade for 1919 exceeded that of any other year. Imports were valued at $107,774,263, which was about 30 per cent, more than in 1918, and about double the average before the World War. The chief imports were of machinery, cotton, textiles, and rice. The exports for 1919 were valued at $122,729,238, an increase of about $6,000,000 over the value of the exports for 1918. The remarkable de- velopment of the coconut oil manufactur- ing industry was the chief feature of trade in 1918. The sugar trade of the island was benefited greatly by post-war conditions. The average figure received per pound was 4.3 cents. Of the total foreign trade, imports from the United States were valued at $64,645,144, and the exports to the United States at $79,- 333,548. Mineral Resources. — The islands are rich in minerals, but so far the product has not been greatly developed. Over one hundred mineral species and varieties have been classified. Coal and gold have been found in nearly every island so far investigated. The total gold production is valued at over $1,000,000 yearly. Great quantities of coal are known to exist, but its deposits have not yet been exploited. Iron is produced to a small extent. Other minerals which occur are Portland cement, asbestos, gypsum, pe-
