POMACES 300 POMONA ascending order, anthropomorphism, may or may not be so. Though some of the Greek and Roman philosophers may have risen above polytheism to conceive the unity of God, the masses of the people were polytheistic, as is the case with the ethnic nations today, though in some cases, as in that of India, pantheism un- derlies polytheism, and some apparent polytheists really believe all nature to be one God. POMACES, Linnaeus, 37th natural order, including Punica Pyeus, ^ Ribes ; also appleworts, an order of perigynous exogens, alliance Resales. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, stipulate leaves; flowers solitary, or in terminal cymes, white or pink. Found in the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Known genera 16, species 200. (Lind- ley.) POMADE, perfumed or fragrant oint- ment or composition for dressing the hair; pomatum. POMBAL, SEBASTIAN JOSEPH DE CABVALHO E MELLO, MARQUIS OF, a Portuguese statesman; born May 13, 1699, at the castle of Soure, near Coim- bra. In 1739 he was appointed ambas- sador in London, and six years later was sent to Vienna in a similar capacity. Just before Joseph I. ascended the throne of Portugal (1750), Pombal was appointed secretary for foreign affairs and Prime Minister in 1756. He crushed a revolt instigated by the great nobles and the Jesuits, and in 1759 ban- ished the latter from the kingdom. Then he abolished slavery in Portugal, set himself to establish good elementary schools, and published a new code of laws. He effected the reorganization of the army, the establishment of an East India Company, and another for Brazil. The tyranny of the Inquisition was broken. Agriculture, commerce, and the finances were all improved. In 1770 he was created Marquis of Pambal. On the accession of Joseph's daughter, Maria I. (in 1771), who was under the clerical influence, Pombal was deprived of his offices and banished from court, while many of his institutions were abolished. He died in his castle of Pombal, May 8, 1782. POMEGRANATE, the fruit of Punica granatum. The seeds have a pellucid pulpy covering, and are eaten. POMEGRANATE TREE, Punica granatum, once believed to be the type of a distinct order. A tree 15 to 25 feet high, a native of W. Asia and N. Africa. It forms woods in Persia. A decoction of the bark is a powerful anthelmintic, but not so good as fern root; the flow- ers are tonic and astringent; the bark of the fruit is used in leucorrhcea, chronic dysentery, etc., and the acrid juice in bilious fevers. The plant is sometimes used for hedges. Its bark is of use in tanning. POMERANIA, a province of Prussia, bounded by the Baltic, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, and West Prussia; area, 11,630 square miles; pop. about 1,800,- 000. The chief islands along the coast are Riigen, Usedom, and Wollin. The interior is flat and, in parts, marshy. The principal rivers are the Oder, Per- sante, and Stolpe. The soil is generally sandy and indifferent, but there are rich alluvial tracts, producing a quantity of grain. Flax, hemp, and tobacco are also cultivated. The forests are of large extent. There are few minerals. Manu- factures include woolen and other fab- rics. A considerable general and tran- sit trade is carried on. The center <rf trade is Stettin, which ranks as one of the chief commercial cities of Prussia. Pomerania appears to have been origi- nally inhabited by Goths, Vandals, and Slavs. The present inhabitants are of Saxon stock. The first mention of it in history is in 1140. It long remained an independent duchy, and in 1637, on the extinction of the ducal family, it was annexed to Sweden. On the death of Charles XII. it was ceded to the elec- toral house of Brandenburg, with the ex- ception of a part which subsequently was also obtained by Prussia. POMERENE, ATLEE, United States Senator from Ohio, born in 1863 in Ohio, he graduated from Princeton in the class of '84. After completing a law course at the Cincinnati Law School he was ar^mitted to the bar in 1886 and began the practice of law at Canton, Ohio. In 1897 he was elected prosecuting attor- ney of Stark co. on the Democratic ticket and in 1910 was chosen lieutenant- governor of Ohio. The following spring he was chosen United States Senator and re-elected in 1917. POMONA, tlie Roman divinity of the fruit (pomum) of trees. She was be- loved by several of the rustic divinities, as Sylvanus, Picus, and Vertumnus. Varro tells us that at Rome the worship of Pomona was under the care of a special priest, the flamen Pomonalis. In works of art she was generally repre- sented with fruits in her lap, or in a basket, with a garland of fruits in her hair, and a pruning knife in her right hand. POMONA, the largest and most popu- lous of the Orkney Islands; length from N. W. to S. E., 23 miles; extreme
