PUMPERNICKEL 383 PUPIN PUMPERNICKEL, a species of coarse bread, made from unbolted rye, which forms the chief food of the Westphalian peasants, PUMPKIN, the Cuciirbita pepo, or more loosely any gourd akin to it. It is a native of Astrachan, but is now culti- vated throughout India and other parts of the tropics; also in the United States. PUN, a play on words, the wit of which depends on a resemblance in sound between two words of different and per- haps contrary meanings, or on the use of the same word in different senses, etc. PUNCH, with his wife Judy and dog Toby, the chief characters in a popular comic puppet show, of Italian origin, the name being a contraction of Punchi- nello, for Pulcinello, the droll clown in Neapolitan comedy. The full-grown modern drama is ascribed to an Italian comedian, Silvio Fiorillo, about 1600. PUNCH, or the LONDON CHARI- VARI, the chief of English comic jour- nals, a weekly magazine of wit, humor, and satire in prose and verse, illustrated by sketches, caricatures, and emblematic devices. It was founded in 1841, the first number appearing July 17 of that year, under the joint editorship of Henry Mayhew and Mark Lemon. PUNCHEON, a liquid measure of ca- pacity containing from 84 to 120 gallons. PUNCHINELLO. See Punch. PUNCTUATION, the act, art, or method of punctuating or pointing a writing or discourse; the act,_ art, or method of dividing a discourse into sen- tences, clauses, etc., by means of points or stops. The first printed books had only arbitrary marks here and there, and it was not till the 16th century that an approach was made to the present sys- tem by the Manutii of Venice. PUNGWE, a river of Portuguese East Africa, forming the principal waterway to Manicaland and Mashonaland; its mouth is situated about 25 miles N. E. of Sofala and 130 S. W. of the Zambezi delta. PUNIC, the language of the Cartha- ginians. It was an offshoot of ^ the Phoenician, belonging to the Canaanitish branch of the Semitic tongues. PUNIC WARS, three great wars be- tween the Romans and the Carthagini- ans. The first (264-241 B.C.) was for the possession of Sicily, and ended by the Carthaginians having to withdraw from the island. The second (218-202 b. c), the war in which Hannibal gained his great victories in Italy, was a death struggle between the two rival powers; it ended with decisive victory to the Romans. The third (149-146 B, c.) was for the destruction of Carthage, which was effected in the last-named year. PUNISHMENT, a penalty inflicted on a person for a crime or offense, by the authority to which the offender is sub- ject; a penalty imposed in the enforce- ment or application of law. PUNJAB, an extensive territory in the N. W. of India, most of it under direct Anglo-Indian authority, and ruled by a lieutenant-governor, a large por- tion of the remainder constituting the protected state of Kashmir. PUNJNUD, the name given to the stream which pours into the Indus, about 70 miles above the Sind frontier, the combined waters of the five rivers, the Sutlej, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab, and the Jhelum. PUNKA, or PUNKAH, a large, broad fan, suspended from the ceiling, or a number of such fans, acting simultane- ously, and worked by an attendant. PUNO, capital of department of Puno, Peru, on shore of Lake Titicaca. Cen- ter of trade with Bolivia, and connected by rail with Arequipa. Little agricul- ture in department, but industries in- clude gold and silver mining and stock breeding. Town has churches, college, and hospital. Pop. about 10,000. PUNT, a large, square-built, flat- bottomed vessel, without masts, used as a lighter for conveying goods, etc., and propelled by poles. Also, a small, flat- bottomed boat, with square ends, used in fishing, and propelled by poles. PUNTA ARENAS, the name of sev- eral cities and towns: (1) The chief port of Costa Rica on the Pacific. The prin- cipal export is coffee, and after that india-rubber, hides, dye-woods, and tor- toise-shell. Pop. (19i6), about 20,000; (2) A town in Patagonia. PUPA, or PUPE, in entomology, the third stage in the development of an in- sect between the larva and the adult. PUPIN, MICHAEL IDVORSKY, an American scientist; born in Idvar, Hun- gary, Oct. 4, 1858; was graduated at Columbia University in 1883; studied at the University of Berlin; and was ap- pointed Adjunct Professor of Mechanics at Columbia University in 1889. In 1901 he announced the discovery of a new method of ocean telephony. He was a member of the American Mathematical Society, American Philosophical Society, etc. He ^vrote "Propagation of Long
